IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i7p2678-d787838.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Review of Bioenergy Potential from the Agriculture Sector in Iraq

Author

Listed:
  • Hend Dakhel Alhassany

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaén, 23700 Linares, Spain)

  • Safaa Malik Abbas

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaén, 23700 Linares, Spain)

  • Marcos Tostado-Véliz

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaén, 23700 Linares, Spain)

  • David Vera

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaén, 23700 Linares, Spain)

  • Salah Kamel

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan 81542, Egypt)

  • Francisco Jurado

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaén, 23700 Linares, Spain)

Abstract

Bioenergy is one of the most important renewable-energy sources worldwide, accounting for more than two-thirds of the renewable-energy mix. Biomass accounted for 13–14% of the primary energy consumption in 2018, and by 2050, it is expected to account for 50% of the global primary energy consumption. This article studies the biomass potential in Iraq. The potential of this country to be one of the leading producers of bioenergy is discussed, remarking on the importance of agricultural crop waste. Nowadays, Iraq generates a great quantity of biomass every year. Unfortunately, instead of contributing to the energy industry and economic progress, these wastes are burned directly, potentially causing a slew of environmental issues. Based on earlier studies, the theoretical energy potential of Iraq agricultural wastes is assessed. It is concluded that 10 million tons of dry agricultural leftovers can create 115 PJ of energy per year. According to the findings of this study, 10 million heads of cattle in Iraq could generate 72 million m 3 of biogas per day, with a total potential power of 946 TJ per year from animal wastes, mainly cattle dung. On the other hand, bioenergy potential is heavily reliant on the geographical distribution, availability, and accessibility of real waste. Wasit, Qadisiyah, and Mosul are the most feasible locations for this agricultural waste potential. This might lead to the development of a long-term economic plan for the successful and sustainable utilization of important accessible waste for bioenergy generation.

Suggested Citation

  • Hend Dakhel Alhassany & Safaa Malik Abbas & Marcos Tostado-Véliz & David Vera & Salah Kamel & Francisco Jurado, 2022. "Review of Bioenergy Potential from the Agriculture Sector in Iraq," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:7:p:2678-:d:787838
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2678/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/7/2678/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Strzalka, Rafal & Schneider, Dietrich & Eicker, Ursula, 2017. "Current status of bioenergy technologies in Germany," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 801-820.
    2. Noorollahi, Younes & Kheirrouz, Mehdi & Asl, Hadi Farabi & Yousefi, Hossein & Hajinezhad, Ahmad, 2015. "Biogas production potential from livestock manure in Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 748-754.
    3. Bilandzija, Nikola & Voca, Neven & Jelcic, Barbara & Jurisic, Vanja & Matin, Ana & Grubor, Mateja & Kricka, Tajana, 2018. "Evaluation of Croatian agricultural solid biomass energy potential," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 225-230.
    4. Mohammad I. Jahirul & Mohammad G. Rasul & Ashfaque Ahmed Chowdhury & Nanjappa Ashwath, 2012. "Biofuels Production through Biomass Pyrolysis —A Technological Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(12), pages 1-50, November.
    5. Andre Faaij, 2006. "Modern Biomass Conversion Technologies," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 11(2), pages 335-367, March.
    6. Kazem, Hussein A. & Chaichan, Miqdam T., 2012. "Status and future prospects of renewable energy in Iraq," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(8), pages 6007-6012.
    7. Pepermans, G. & Driesen, J. & Haeseldonckx, D. & Belmans, R. & D'haeseleer, W., 2005. "Distributed generation: definition, benefits and issues," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 33(6), pages 787-798, April.
    8. Said, N. & El-Shatoury, S.A. & Díaz, L.F. & Zamorano, M., 2013. "Quantitative appraisal of biomass resources and their energy potential in Egypt," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 84-91.
    9. Karaj, Sh. & Rehl, T. & Leis, H. & Müller, J., 2010. "Analysis of biomass residues potential for electrical energy generation in Albania," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 493-499, January.
    10. A.G. Olabi & Tabbi Wilberforce & Enas Taha Sayed & Khaled Elsaid & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem, 2020. "Prospects of Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-20, August.
    11. Kalisz, Sylwester & Pronobis, Marek & Baxter, David, 2008. "Co-firing of biomass waste-derived syngas in coal power boiler," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 33(12), pages 1770-1778.
    12. Yoon, Sang Jun & Son, Yung-Il & Kim, Yong-Ku & Lee, Jae-Goo, 2012. "Gasification and power generation characteristics of rice husk and rice husk pellet using a downdraft fixed-bed gasifier," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 163-167.
    13. Baruah, Dipal & Baruah, D.C., 2014. "Modeling of biomass gasification: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 806-815.
    14. Vera, D. & Jurado, F. & de Mena, B. & Schories, G., 2011. "Comparison between externally fired gas turbine and gasifier-gas turbine system for the olive oil industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 6720-6730.
    15. Ali Faiad & Muath Alsmari & Mohamed M. Z. Ahmed & Mohamed L. Bouazizi & Bandar Alzahrani & Hussien Alrobei, 2022. "Date Palm Tree Waste Recycling: Treatment and Processing for Potential Engineering Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-21, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ra’ed Nahar Myyas & Marcos Tostado-Véliz & Manuel Gómez-González & Francisco Jurado, 2023. "Review of Bioenergy Potential in Jordan," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-22, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kamel, Salah & El-Sattar, Hoda Abd & Vera, David & Jurado, Francisco, 2018. "Bioenergy potential from agriculture residues for energy generation in Egypt," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 28-37.
    2. Paiano, Annarita & Lagioia, Giovanni, 2016. "Energy potential from residual biomass towards meeting the EU renewable energy and climate targets. The Italian case," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 161-173.
    3. Greggio, Nicolas & Balugani, Enrico & Carlini, Carlotta & Contin, Andrea & Labartino, Nicola & Porcelli, Roberto & Quaranta, Marta & Righi, Serena & Vogli, Luciano & Marazza, Diego, 2019. "Theoretical and unused potential for residual biomasses in the Emilia Romagna Region (Italy) through a revised and portable framework for their categorization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 590-606.
    4. Paiano, A. & Camaggio, G. & Lagioia, G., 2011. "Territorial level for biofuel production--Case study of an Italian region," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(5), pages 2222-2231, June.
    5. Chinnici, Gaetano & D’Amico, Mario & Rizzo, Marcella & Pecorino, Biagio, 2015. "Analysis of biomass availability for energy use in Sicily," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1025-1030.
    6. Susastriawan, A.A.P. & Saptoadi, Harwin & Purnomo,, 2017. "Small-scale downdraft gasifiers for biomass gasification: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 989-1003.
    7. Mohammed, Y.S. & Mokhtar, A.S. & Bashir, N. & Saidur, R., 2013. "An overview of agricultural biomass for decentralized rural energy in Ghana," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 15-25.
    8. Prespa Ymeri & Csaba Gyuricza & Csaba Fogarassy, 2020. "Farmers’ Attitudes Towards the Use of Biomass as Renewable Energy—A Case Study from Southeastern Europe," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-18, May.
    9. Dina Aboelela & Habibatallah Saleh & Attia M. Attia & Yasser Elhenawy & Thokozani Majozi & Mohamed Bassyouni, 2023. "Recent Advances in Biomass Pyrolysis Processes for Bioenergy Production: Optimization of Operating Conditions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-30, July.
    10. Dovichi Filho, Fernando Bruno & Lora, Electo Eduardo Silva & Palacio, Jose Carlos Escobar & Venturini, Osvaldo José & Jaén, René Lesme, 2023. "An approach to technology selection in bioelectricity technical potential assessment: A Brazilian case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    11. Mohammed, Y.S. & Mustafa, M.W. & Bashir, N. & Ogundola, M.A. & Umar, U., 2014. "Sustainable potential of bioenergy resources for distributed power generation development in Nigeria," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 361-370.
    12. Wegener, Moritz & Malmquist, Anders & Isalgué, Antonio & Martin, Andrew, 2018. "Biomass-fired combined cooling, heating and power for small scale applications – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 392-410.
    13. Malico, Isabel & Nepomuceno Pereira, Ricardo & Gonçalves, Ana Cristina & Sousa, Adélia M.O., 2019. "Current status and future perspectives for energy production from solid biomass in the European industry," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 960-977.
    14. Elrayies, Ghada Mohammad, 2018. "Microalgae: Prospects for greener future buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1175-1191.
    15. Vera, David & Jurado, Francisco & Carpio, José & Kamel, Salah, 2018. "Biomass gasification coupled to an EFGT-ORC combined system to maximize the electrical energy generation: A case applied to the olive oil industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 41-53.
    16. Al-Hamamre, Zayed & Saidan, Motasem & Hararah, Muhanned & Rawajfeh, Khaled & Alkhasawneh, Hussam E. & Al-Shannag, Mohammad, 2017. "Wastes and biomass materials as sustainable-renewable energy resources for Jordan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 295-314.
    17. Ali, Ghaffar & Bashir, Muhammad Khalid & Ali, Hassan & Bashir, Muhammad Hamid, 2016. "Utilization of rice husk and poultry wastes for renewable energy potential in Pakistan: An economic perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 25-29.
    18. Letícia C. R. Sá & Liliana M. E. F. Loureiro & Leonel J. R. Nunes & Adélio M. M. Mendes, 2020. "Torrefaction as a Pretreatment Technology for Chlorine Elimination from Biomass: A Case Study Using Eucalyptus globulus Labill," Resources, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-25, May.
    19. Farfan, Javier & Lohrmann, Alena & Breyer, Christian, 2019. "Integration of greenhouse agriculture to the energy infrastructure as an alimentary solution," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 368-377.
    20. Hung-Ta Wen & Jau-Huai Lu & Mai-Xuan Phuc, 2021. "Applying Artificial Intelligence to Predict the Composition of Syngas Using Rice Husks: A Comparison of Artificial Neural Networks and Gradient Boosting Regression," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-18, May.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:7:p:2678-:d:787838. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.