IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i10p3507-d812984.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

High Load Compression Ignition of Wet Ethanol Using a Triple Injection Strategy

Author

Listed:
  • Brian Gainey

    (Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University, 4 Research Drive, Greenville, SC 29607, USA)

  • Ziming Yan

    (Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University, 4 Research Drive, Greenville, SC 29607, USA)

  • John Gandolfo

    (Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University, 4 Research Drive, Greenville, SC 29607, USA)

  • Benjamin Lawler

    (Department of Automotive Engineering, Clemson University, 4 Research Drive, Greenville, SC 29607, USA)

Abstract

Wet ethanol is a biofuel that can be rapidly integrated into the existing transportation sector infrastructure and have an immediate impact on decarbonization. Compared to conventional hydrocarbon fuels, wet ethanol has unique fuel properties (e.g., short carbon chain, oxygenated, high heat of vaporization, no cool-flame reactivity), which can actually improve the efficiency and engine-out emissions of internal combustion engines while decarbonizing. In this work, wet ethanol 80 (80% ethanol, 20% water by mass) was experimentally studied at high loads under boosted conditions in compression ignition to study the tradeoffs in efficiency and emissions based on boosting and injection strategies. Specifically, this work explores the potential of adding a third, mixing-controlled injection at high loads. The results indicate that adding a third, mixing-controlled injection results in combustion stabilization at high loads, where the peak pressure limit of the engine is a constraint that requires combustion phasing to retard. However, since the heat of vaporization of wet ethanol 80 is ~6% of its lower heating value, evaporation of fuel injected near top dead center imposes a thermodynamic efficiency penalty by absorbing heat from the working fluid at a time in the cycle when adding heat produces net work out. Additionally, the mixing-controlled injection increases NOx emissions. Therefore, the amount of fuel injected in the mixing-controlled injection should be limited to only what is necessary to stabilize combustion. Ultimately, by using wet ethanol 80 in a triple injection strategy, a load of 22 bar IMEPn is achieved with a net fuel conversion efficiency of 42.2%, an engine-out indicated specific emissions of NOx of 1.3 g/kWh, and no measurable particulate matter, while maintaining a peak cylinder pressure below 150 bar.

Suggested Citation

  • Brian Gainey & Ziming Yan & John Gandolfo & Benjamin Lawler, 2022. "High Load Compression Ignition of Wet Ethanol Using a Triple Injection Strategy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-23, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:10:p:3507-:d:812984
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/10/3507/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/10/3507/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mack, J. Hunter & Aceves, Salvador M. & Dibble, Robert W., 2009. "Demonstrating direct use of wet ethanol in a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 782-787.
    2. Gainey, Brian & Gohn, James & Hariharan, Deivanayagam & Rahimi-Boldaji, Mozhgan & Lawler, Benjamin, 2020. "Assessing the impact of injector included angle and piston geometry on thermally stratified compression ignition with wet ethanol," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    3. Zhenbin Chen & Jiaojun Deng & Haisheng Zhen & Chenyu Wang & Li Wang, 2022. "Experimental Investigation of Hydrous Ethanol Gasoline on Engine Noise, Cyclic Variations and Combustion Characteristics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-17, February.
    4. Luke Oxenham & Yaodong Wang, 2021. "A Study of the Impact of Methanol, Ethanol and the Miller Cycle on a Gasoline Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-24, August.
    5. Yan, Ziming & Gainey, Brian & Gohn, James & Hariharan, Deivanayagam & Saputo, John & Schmidt, Carl & Caliari, Felipe & Sampath, Sanjay & Lawler, Benjamin, 2021. "A comprehensive experimental investigation of low-temperature combustion with thick thermal barrier coatings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Xiaochen & Gao, Jianbing & Chen, Zhanming & Chen, Hao & Zhao, Yuwei & Huang, Yuhan & Chen, Zhenbin, 2022. "Evaluation of hydrous ethanol as a fuel for internal combustion engines: A review," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 504-525.
    2. Siddiqui, Mohd Asjad & Khaliq, Abdul & Kumar, Rajesh, 2021. "Proposal and analysis of a novel cooling-power cogeneration system driven by the exhaust gas heat of HCCI engine fuelled by wet-ethanol," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    3. Doppalapudi, A.T. & Azad, A.K. & Khan, M.M.K., 2021. "Combustion chamber modifications to improve diesel engine performance and reduce emissions: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    4. Bahri, Bahram & Shahbakhti, Mahdi & Aziz, Azhar Abdul, 2017. "Real-time modeling of ringing in HCCI engines using artificial neural networks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 509-518.
    5. Gainey, Brian & Gohn, James & Hariharan, Deivanayagam & Rahimi-Boldaji, Mozhgan & Lawler, Benjamin, 2020. "Assessing the impact of injector included angle and piston geometry on thermally stratified compression ignition with wet ethanol," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    6. Zhang, Zhiqing & Dong, Rui & Tan, Dongli & Duan, Lin & Jiang, Feng & Yao, Xiaoxue & Yang, Dixin & Hu, Jingyi & Zhang, Jian & Zhong, Weihuang & Zhao, Ziheng, 2023. "Effect of structural parameters on diesel particulate filter trapping performance of heavy-duty diesel engines based on grey correlation analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    7. Tan, Dongli & Meng, Yujun & Tian, Jie & Zhang, Chengtao & Zhang, Zhiqing & Yang, Guanhua & Cui, Shuwan & Hu, Jingyi & Zhao, Ziheng, 2023. "Utilization of renewable and sustainable diesel/methanol/n-butanol (DMB) blends for reducing the engine emissions in a diesel engine with different pre-injection strategies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    8. Hairuddin, A. Aziz & Yusaf, Talal & Wandel, Andrew P., 2014. "A review of hydrogen and natural gas addition in diesel HCCI engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 739-761.
    9. Noh, Hyun Kwon & No, Soo-Young, 2017. "Effect of bioethanol on combustion and emissions in advanced CI engines: HCCI, PPC and GCI mode – A review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 208(C), pages 782-802.
    10. Mack, J. Hunter & Schuler, Daniel & Butt, Ryan H. & Dibble, Robert W., 2016. "Experimental investigation of butanol isomer combustion in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 612-626.
    11. Ganesh, D. & Nagarajan, G., 2010. "Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion of diesel fuel with external mixture formation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 148-157.
    12. Rezaei, Javad & Shahbakhti, Mahdi & Bahri, Bahram & Aziz, Azhar Abdul, 2015. "Performance prediction of HCCI engines with oxygenated fuels using artificial neural networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 460-473.
    13. Thiago Rodrigo Vieira da Silva & Nilton Antonio Diniz Netto & Jeanine Costa Santos & Augusto Cesar Teixeira Malaquias & José Guilherme Coelho Baêta, 2022. "Development Procedure for Performance Estimation and Main Dimensions Calculation of a Highly-Boosted Ethanol Engine with Water Injection," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-24, June.
    14. Tan, Dongli & Wu, Yao & Lv, Junshuai & Li, Jian & Ou, Xiaoyu & Meng, Yujun & Lan, Guanglin & Chen, Yanhui & Zhang, Zhiqing, 2023. "Performance optimization of a diesel engine fueled with hydrogen/biodiesel with water addition based on the response surface methodology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PC).
    15. Liu, Yang & Tang, Chenglong & Zhan, Cheng & Wu, Yingtao & Yang, Meng & Huang, Zuohua, 2019. "Low temperature auto-ignition characteristics of methylcyclohexane/ethanol blend fuels: Ignition delay time measurement and kinetic analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 465-475.
    16. Mayer, Flávio Dias & Feris, Liliana Amaral & Marcilio, Nilson Romeu & Hoffmann, Ronaldo, 2015. "Why small-scale fuel ethanol production in Brazil does not take off?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 687-701.
    17. Wu, Zhicong & Xu, Gang & Zhang, Wentao & Xue, Xiaojun & Chen, Heng, 2023. "Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a new methanol steam reforming system integrated with CO2 heat pump and cryogenic separation system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    18. Saxena, Samveg & Vuilleumier, David & Kozarac, Darko & Krieck, Martin & Dibble, Robert & Aceves, Salvador, 2014. "Optimal operating conditions for wet ethanol in a HCCI engine using exhaust gas heat recovery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 269-277.
    19. Chen, Yulin & Dong, Guangyu & Mack, J. Hunter & Butt, Ryan H. & Chen, Jyh-Yuan & Dibble, Robert W., 2016. "Cyclic variations and prior-cycle effects of ion current sensing in an HCCI engine: A time-series analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 628-635.
    20. Yoon, S.-Y. & Han, S.-H. & Shin, S.-J., 2014. "The effect of hemicelluloses and lignin on acid hydrolysis of cellulose," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 19-24.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:10:p:3507-:d:812984. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.