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Time-Varying Convergences of Environmental Footprint Levels between European Countries

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  • Durmuş Çağrı Yıldırım

    (Department of Economics, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey)

  • Seda Yıldırım

    (Department of Business Administration, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey)

  • Seyfettin Erdoğan

    (Department of Economics, Istanbul Medeniyet University, 34720 Istanbul, Turkey)

  • Işıl Demirtaş

    (Department of Economics, Giresun University, 28200 Giresun, Turkey)

  • Gualter Couto

    (School of Business and Economics and CEEAplA, University of Azores, 9500-321 Pionta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Rui Alexandre Castanho

    (Faculty of Applied Sciences, WSB University, 41-300 Dabrowa Górnicza, Poland)

Abstract

This study proposes the time-varying nonlinear panel unit root test to investigate the convergence of ecological foot prints between the EU and candidate countries. Sixteen European countries (such as Albania, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden and Turkey) and analysis periods are selected according to data availability. This study proposes a cross-sectional Panel KSS with Fourier to test the convergence of the ecological footprints. Then, we combine this methodology with the rolling window method to take into account the time-varying stationarity of series. This study evaluated sub-components of ecological footprints separately and provided more comprehensive findings for the ecological footprint. According to empirical findings, this study proves that convergence or divergence does not show continuity over time. On the other side, this study points out the presence of divergence draws attention when considering the properties of the sub-components in general. As a result, this study shows that international policies by EU countries are generally accepted as successful to reduce ecological footprint, but these are not sufficient as expected. In this point, it is suggested to keep national policies to support international policies in the long term.

Suggested Citation

  • Durmuş Çağrı Yıldırım & Seda Yıldırım & Seyfettin Erdoğan & Işıl Demirtaş & Gualter Couto & Rui Alexandre Castanho, 2021. "Time-Varying Convergences of Environmental Footprint Levels between European Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:7:p:1813-:d:523501
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