IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v364y2024ics0306261924005038.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Achieving net-zero emission target in Africa: Are sustainable energy innovations and financialization crucial for environmental sustainability of sub-Saharan African state?

Author

Listed:
  • Musah, Mohammed
  • Onifade, Stephen Taiwo
  • Ankrah, Isaac
  • Gyamfi, Bright Akwasi
  • Amoako, George Kofi

Abstract

Following the rising importance of energy transition in the environmental sustainability discussion, it is imperative to understand the roles of sustainable energy innovations and financialization to reach informed inferences for policy formulation. We examined the environmental quality performance in Sub-Sahara Africa using the case of the resource-rich Ghanaian state vis-à-vis the possible moderating influence of green innovations and financial development. The empirical analysis encompassed various estimation issues, including structural breaks, heteroscedasticity, and normality in data structure. We simulated with the dynamic autoregressive-distributed lag technique and confirmed that financialization, resource rents, and economic growth are significant positive determinants of pollutant emissions. However, green innovations decrease the rate of pollution in the nation. Moreover, the interaction between green innovations and financial development improves ecological quality, while that between natural resources and financial development spurs pollution in the ecosystem. Furthermore, causal connections in the series indicated unidirectional causalities from green innovations, financialization, natural resource rents, and economic growth to pollutant emissions. However, the interactive terms between green innovations and financial development and between natural resource rents and financial development are bi-directionally related to ecological pollution. Hence, the study essentially suggests that the net-zero emission agenda of the Paris Accord is achievable from higher investments in green innovations while harnessing the benefits of international financial flows to boost the sustainability capacity of the Sub-Saharan Ghanian economy.

Suggested Citation

  • Musah, Mohammed & Onifade, Stephen Taiwo & Ankrah, Isaac & Gyamfi, Bright Akwasi & Amoako, George Kofi, 2024. "Achieving net-zero emission target in Africa: Are sustainable energy innovations and financialization crucial for environmental sustainability of sub-Saharan African state?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:364:y:2024:i:c:s0306261924005038
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123120
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924005038
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123120?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Alexander Chudik & Kamiar Mohaddes & M. Hashem Pesaran & Mehdi Raissi, 2016. "Long-Run Effects in Large Heterogeneous Panel Data Models with Cross-Sectionally Correlated Errors," Advances in Econometrics, in: Essays in Honor of man Ullah, volume 36, pages 85-135, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
    2. Hayat Khan & Liu Weili & Itbar Khan, 2022. "Environmental innovation, trade openness and quality institutions: an integrated investigation about environmental sustainability," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(3), pages 3832-3862, March.
    3. Grossman, G.M & Krueger, A.B., 1991. "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement," Papers 158, Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School - Public and International Affairs.
    4. Nazlioglu, Saban & Gormus, N. Alper & Soytas, Uğur, 2016. "Oil prices and real estate investment trusts (REITs): Gradual-shift causality and volatility transmission analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 168-175.
    5. Dingru, Liu & Onifade, Stephen Taiwo & Ramzan, Muhammad & AL-Faryan, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh, 2023. "Environmental perspectives on the impacts of trade and natural resources on renewable energy utilization in Sub-Sahara Africa: Accounting for FDI, income, and urbanization trends," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    6. Zivot, Eric & Andrews, Donald W K, 2002. "Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 20(1), pages 25-44, January.
    7. David H. Romer & Jeffrey A. Frankel, 1999. "Does Trade Cause Growth?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 89(3), pages 379-399, June.
    8. Onifade, Stephen Taiwo, 2023. "Environmental impacts of energy indicators on ecological footprints of oil-exporting African countries: Perspectives on fossil resources abundance amidst sustainable development quests," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    9. Albort-Morant, Gema & Leal-Millán, Antonio & Cepeda-Carrión, Gabriel, 2016. "The antecedents of green innovation performance: A model of learning and capabilities," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(11), pages 4912-4917.
    10. Appiah, Michael & Ashraf, Sania & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Gyamfi, Bright Akwasi & Onifade, Stephen Taiwo, 2023. "Does financialization enhance renewable energy development in Sub-Saharan African countries?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    11. M. Hashem Pesaran & Yongcheol Shin & Richard J. Smith, 2001. "Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(3), pages 289-326.
    12. Elliott, Graham & Rothenberg, Thomas J & Stock, James H, 1996. "Efficient Tests for an Autoregressive Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 64(4), pages 813-836, July.
    13. George Kapetanios, 2005. "Unit‐root testing against the alternative hypothesis of up to m structural breaks," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(1), pages 123-133, January.
    14. Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Roubaud, David & Farhani, Sahbi, 2018. "How economic growth, renewable electricity and natural resources contribute to CO2 emissions?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 356-367.
    15. Gao, Yirui & Murshed, Muntasir & Ozturk, Ilhan & Saqib, Najia & Siddik, Abu Bakkar & Alam, Mohammad Mahtab, 2023. "Can financing technological development programs mitigate mineral resource consumption-related environmental problems faced by Sub-Saharan African nations?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(PA).
    16. Toda, Hiro Y. & Yamamoto, Taku, 1995. "Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1-2), pages 225-250.
    17. Stephen Taiwo Onifade & Bright Akwasi Gyamfi & Ilham Haouas & Simplice A. Asongu, 2024. "Extending the frontiers of financial development for sustainability of the MENA states: The roles of resource abundance and institutional quality," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(3), pages 1971-1986, June.
    18. Bilgili, Faik & Koçak, Emrah & Bulut, Ümit, 2016. "The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: A revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 838-845.
    19. Asif Razzaq & Arshian Sharif & Paiman Ahmad & Kittisak Jermsittiparsert, 2021. "Asymmetric role of tourism development and technology innovation on carbon dioxide emission reduction in the Chinese economy: Fresh insights from QARDL approach," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 176-193, January.
    20. Jushan Bai & Pierre Perron, 1998. "Estimating and Testing Linear Models with Multiple Structural Changes," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 66(1), pages 47-78, January.
    21. Zhang, Chunhong & Khan, Irfan & Dagar, Vishal & Saeed, Asif & Zafar, Muhammad Wasif, 2022. "Environmental impact of information and communication technology: Unveiling the role of education in developing countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    22. Erdogan, Sinan, 2024. "On the impact of natural resources on environmental sustainability in African countries: A comparative approach based on the EKC and LCC hypotheses," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    23. Abdulrasheed Zakari & Irfan Khan, 2022. "The Introduction of Green Finance - A Curse or a Benefit to Environmental Sustainability?," Energy RESEARCH LETTERS, Asia-Pacific Applied Economics Association, vol. 3(Early Vie), pages 1-5.
    24. Yi-Bin Chiu & Wenwen Zhang, 2023. "Moderating Effect of Financial Development on the Relationship between Renewable Energy and Carbon Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-18, February.
    25. Obobisa, Emma Serwaa & Chen, Haibo & Mensah, Isaac Adjei, 2022. "The impact of green technological innovation and institutional quality on CO2 emissions in African countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    26. Sebastian Kripfganz & Daniel C. Schneider, 2020. "Response Surface Regressions for Critical Value Bounds and Approximate p‐values in Equilibrium Correction Models," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 82(6), pages 1456-1481, December.
    27. Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy & Mo, Di & Gupta, Rakesh, 2017. "The effects of stock market growth and renewable energy use on CO2 emissions: Evidence from G20 countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 360-371.
    28. Gregory, Allan W. & Hansen, Bruce E., 1996. "Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 99-126, January.
    29. Kin Sibanda & Rufaro Garidzirai & Farai Mushonga & Dorcas Gonese, 2023. "Natural Resource Rents, Institutional Quality, and Environmental Degradation in Resource-Rich Sub-Saharan African Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-11, January.
    30. Habiba, Umme & Xinbang, Cao & Anwar, Ahsan, 2022. "Do green technology innovations, financial development, and renewable energy use help to curb carbon emissions?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 1082-1093.
    31. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Demet Beton Kalmaz, 2020. "Ongoing Debate Between Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Wavelet Analysis," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 101(5), pages 2032-2051, September.
    32. Muhammad Abdul Kamal & Assad Ullah & Fiza Qureshi & Jiajia Zheng & Manzoor Ahamd, 2023. "China’s outward FDI and environmental sustainability in belt and road countries: does the quality of institutions matter?," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 66(5), pages 1002-1036, April.
    33. Usman, Muhammad & Jahanger, Atif & Makhdum, Muhammad Sohail Amjad & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Bashir, Adnan, 2022. "How do financial development, energy consumption, natural resources, and globalization affect Arctic countries' economic growth and environmental quality? An advanced panel data simulation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
    34. Soren Jordan & Andrew Q. Philips, 2018. "Cointegration testing and dynamic simulations of autoregressive distributed lag modelsJournal: Stata Journal," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 18(4), pages 902-923, December.
    35. Maxwell Chukwudi Udeagha & Marthinus Christoffel Breitenbach, 2023. "Revisiting the nexus between fiscal decentralization and CO2 emissions in South Africa: fresh policy insights," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-46, December.
    36. Solomon Tadesse, 2005. "Financial Development and Technology," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series wp749, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
    37. Muhammad Hafeez & Saif Ur Rehman & C. M. Nadeem Faisal & Juan Yang & Sana Ullah & Md. Abdul Kaium & Muhammad Yousaf Malik, 2022. "Financial Efficiency and Its Impact on Renewable Energy Demand and CO 2 Emissions: Do Eco-Innovations Matter for Highly Polluted Asian Economies?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-12, September.
    38. Umut Burak Geyikci & Serkan Çınar & Fatih Mehmet Sancak, 2022. "Analysis of the Relationships among Financial Development, Economic Growth, Energy Use, and Carbon Emissions by Co-Integration with Multiple Structural Breaks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-11, May.
    39. Maki, Daiki, 2012. "Tests for cointegration allowing for an unknown number of breaks," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(5), pages 2011-2015.
    40. Nurul Wahilah Abdul Latif & Zulkifli Abdullah & Muhamad Azhan Md Razdi, 2015. "An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) analysis of the nexus between savings and investment in the three Asian economies," Journal of Developing Areas, Tennessee State University, College of Business, vol. 49(3), pages 323-334, July-Sepe.
    41. Tiancai Xing & Qichuan Jiang & Xuejiao Ma, 2017. "To Facilitate or Curb? The Role of Financial Development in China’s Carbon Emissions Reduction Process: A Novel Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-39, October.
    42. Afolabi, Joshua Adeyemi, 2023. "Natural resource rent and environmental quality nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessing the role of regulatory quality," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    43. Perron, Pierre, 1989. "The Great Crash, the Oil Price Shock, and the Unit Root Hypothesis," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 57(6), pages 1361-1401, November.
    44. Maxwell Chukwudi Udeagha & Marthinus Christoffel Breitenbach, 2023. "The Role of Financial Development in Climate Change Mitigation: Fresh Policy Insights from South Africa," Biophysical Economics and Resource Quality, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 1-34, March.
    45. Zagorchev, Andrey & Vasconcellos, Geraldo & Bae, Youngsoo, 2011. "Financial development, technology, growth and performance: Evidence from the accession to the EU," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 21(5), pages 743-759.
    46. Sadorsky, Perry, 2011. "Financial development and energy consumption in Central and Eastern European frontier economies," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 999-1006, February.
    47. Cheng Jin & Mohsin Shahzad & Abaid Ullah Zafar & Norazah Mohd Suki, 2022. "Socio-economic and environmental drivers of green innovation: evidence from nonlinear ARDL," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 5336-5356, December.
    48. Abdulnasser Hatemi-J, 2008. "Tests for cointegration with two unknown regime shifts with an application to financial market integration," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 35(3), pages 497-505, November.
    49. Kahouli, Bassem, 2017. "The short and long run causality relationship among economic growth, energy consumption and financial development: Evidence from South Mediterranean Countries (SMCs)," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 19-30.
    50. Tamazian, Artur & Chousa, Juan Piñeiro & Vadlamannati, Krishna Chaitanya, 2009. "Does higher economic and financial development lead to environmental degradation: Evidence from BRIC countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(1), pages 246-253, January.
    51. Gregory, Allan W & Hansen, Bruce E, 1996. "Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime and Trend Shifts," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 58(3), pages 555-560, August.
    52. Usman, Muhammad & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel, 2022. "Environmental concern in the era of industrialization: Can financial development, renewable energy and natural resources alleviate some load?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    53. Miao, Yang & Razzaq, Asif & Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday & Awosusi, Abraham Ayobamiji, 2022. "Do renewable energy consumption and financial globalisation contribute to ecological sustainability in newly industrialized countries?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 688-697.
    54. Stephen Taiwo Onifade & Festus Victor Bekun & Agboola Phillips & Mehmet Altuntaş, 2022. "How do technological innovation and renewables shape environmental quality advancement in emerging economies: An exploration of the E7 bloc?," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(6), pages 2002-2014, December.
    55. Wang, Jiangbo & Xue, Yefei & Han, Mingyang, 2023. "Impact of carbon emission price and natural resources development on the green economic recovery: Fresh insights from China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    56. Durmuş Çağrı Yıldırım & Seda Yıldırım & Seyfettin Erdoğan & Işıl Demirtaş & Gualter Couto & Rui Alexandre Castanho, 2021. "Time-Varying Convergences of Environmental Footprint Levels between European Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-15, March.
    57. Wang, Zhaohua & Pham, Thi Le Hoa & Sun, Kaining & Wang, Bo & Bui, Quocviet & Hashemizadeh, Ali, 2022. "The moderating role of financial development in the renewable energy consumption - CO2 emissions linkage: The case study of Next-11 countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PB).
    58. Chinazaekpere Nwani & Festus V. Bekun & Bright A. Gyamfi & Ekpeno L. Effiong & Andrew A. Alola, 2023. "Toward sustainable use of natural resources: Nexus between resource rents, affluence, energy intensity and carbon emissions in developing and transition economies," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 47(2), pages 155-176, May.
    59. Liu Jinqiao & Apichit Maneengam & Faiza Saleem & Syed Shafqat Mukarram, 2022. "Investigating the role of financial development and technology innovation in climate change: evidence from emerging seven countries," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 3940-3960, December.
    60. Tolassa Temesgen Hordofa & Hieu Minh Vu & Apichit Maneengam & Eko Priyo Purnomo & Phan The Cong & Song Liying, 2023. "Does eco-innovation and green investment limit the CO2 emissions in China?," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(1), pages 634-649, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Charfeddine, Lanouar & Ben Khediri, Karim, 2016. "Financial development and environmental quality in UAE: Cointegration with structural breaks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1322-1335.
    2. Kanjilal, Kakali & Ghosh, Sajal, 2013. "Environmental Kuznet’s curve for India: Evidence from tests for cointegration with unknown structuralbreaks," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 509-515.
    3. Esra N. Kılcı & Burcu Kıran Baygın, 2019. "Analysis of the Relationship between Real Effective Exchange Rate, Common Equity Tier 1 Ratio and Return on Equity: Evidence from Turkey," Alphanumeric Journal, Bahadir Fatih Yildirim, vol. 7(2), pages 319-332, December.
    4. Cumhur ÞAHÝN & Hüseyin ALTAY, 2016. "Examination of the Relationship between Turkey’s Credit Default Swap (CDS) Points and Unemployment," Eurasian Business & Economics Journal, Eurasian Academy Of Sciences, vol. 4(4), pages 52-67, January.
    5. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo & Abraham Ayobamiji Awosusi & Jamiu Adetola Odugbesan & Gbenga Daniel Akinsola & Wing-Keung Wong & Husam Rjoub, 2021. "Sustainability of Energy-Induced Growth Nexus in Brazil: Do Carbon Emissions and Urbanization Matter?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    6. Ghosh, Sajal & Kanjilal, Kakali, 2014. "Long-term equilibrium relationship between urbanization, energy consumption and economic activity: Empirical evidence from India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 324-331.
    7. Natalya KETENCİ & Ebru Tomris AYDOĞAN, 2019. "Determinants of Economic Growth in Turkey in the Presence of Structural Breaks," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society, issue 27(42).
    8. Gormus, Alper & Nazlioglu, Saban & Soytas, Ugur, 2018. "High-yield bond and energy markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 101-110.
    9. Muhammad, Shahbaz, 2011. "Electricity Consumption, Financial Development and Economic Growth Nexus: A Revisit Study of Their Causality in Pakistan," MPRA Paper 35588, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 27 Dec 2011.
    10. Nasreen, Samia & Anwar, Sofia & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2017. "Financial stability, energy consumption and environmental quality: Evidence from South Asian economies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 1105-1122.
    11. Acheampong, Alex O., 2019. "Modelling for insight: Does financial development improve environmental quality?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 156-179.
    12. Senay ACIKGOZ & Anil AKCAGLAYAN, 2014. "Turkiye’de Cari Islemler Aciginin Surdurulebilirligi," Ege Academic Review, Ege University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, vol. 14(1), pages 83-97.
    13. Mary O. Agboola & Festus V. Bekun, 2019. "Does Agricultural Value Added Induce Environmental Degradation? Empirical Evidence from an Agrarian Country," CEREDEC Working Papers 19/040, Centre de Recherche pour le Développement Economique (CEREDEC).
    14. Ketenci, Natalya, 2014. "The bilateral trade balance of the EU in the presence of structural breaks," MPRA Paper 54661, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    15. Khan, Zeeshan & Hussain, Muzzammil & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Yang, Siqun & Jiao, Zhilun, 2020. "Natural resource abundance, technological innovation, and human capital nexus with financial development: A case study of China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    16. Durusu-Ciftci, Dilek & Soytas, Ugur & Nazlioglu, Saban, 2020. "Financial development and energy consumption in emerging markets: Smooth structural shifts and causal linkages," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    17. Chiappini, Raphaël & Jégourel, Yves & Raymond, Paul, 2019. "Towards a worldwide integrated market? New evidence on the dynamics of U.S., European and Asian natural gas prices," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 545-565.
    18. Ketenci, Natalya, 2015. "Capital mobility in Russia," Russian Journal of Economics, Elsevier, vol. 1(4), pages 386-403.
    19. Mariana Hatmanu & Cristina Cautisanu & Mihaela Ifrim, 2020. "The Impact of Interest Rate, Exchange Rate and European Business Climate on Economic Growth in Romania: An ARDL Approach with Structural Breaks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-23, April.
    20. Natalya Ketenci & Vasudeva N. R. Murthy, 2018. "Some determinants of life expectancy in the United States: results from cointegration tests under structural breaks," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 42(3), pages 508-525, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:364:y:2024:i:c:s0306261924005038. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.