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Investigation into the Impact of the Composition of Ethanol Fuel Deposit Control Additives on Their Effectiveness

Author

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  • Zbigniew Stępień

    (Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute, 31-503 Kraków, Poland)

  • Grażyna Żak

    (Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute, 31-503 Kraków, Poland)

  • Jarosław Markowski

    (Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute, 31-503 Kraków, Poland)

  • Michał Wojtasik

    (Oil and Gas Institute—National Research Institute, 31-503 Kraków, Poland)

Abstract

An increasing percentage of ethanol in fuel leads to significant changes in polarity and solubility, which makes conventional gasoline deposit control additives (DCAs) difficult to dissolve in ethanol fuels, resulting in the formation of deposits on engine elements. Critical areas of deposit formation in an engine are constituted by inlet valves, combustion chambers, and fuel injectors. As a consequence, operational parameters of the engine are disturbed to a large extent by the total effect of the deposits. To prevent the aforementioned phenomena, in the operation of engines fueled with ethanol-containing blends, it is necessary to use specifically prepared DCAs. The paper briefly presents a process of development of DCAs dedicated to high-ethanol fuels. Each of the prepared DCA formulations contained a substance having detergent-emulsifying properties (referred to in the text as DEM), a carrier oil, and a solvent. The composition and ratios of components used in the DCA, by testing their effectiveness in engine deposit formation, are verified. A motor station and a test procedure developed for this purpose were used. In search of alternative solutions to conventional polyisobutyleneamines (PIBA) and polyetheramines (PEA) surfactants, which have good solubility in hydrocarbons but not in ethanol, a substance with a benzoxazine structure and a Mannich base were synthesized. Their chemical structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) DCAs were developed, and the effectiveness of their action was verified. Moreover, attention was paid to the dosage level of the DEM and the carrier oil in the DCA. Finally, it was confirmed in the studies carried out that DCAs used for improvement of conventional hydrocarbon engine gasolines are not efficient enough when used in E85 fuels. In the case of the latter, DCAs that have been specifically developed for such fuels should be used, because they have a different chemical structure, and are soluble in the ethanol-gasoline mixture in any ratio of both components.

Suggested Citation

  • Zbigniew Stępień & Grażyna Żak & Jarosław Markowski & Michał Wojtasik, 2021. "Investigation into the Impact of the Composition of Ethanol Fuel Deposit Control Additives on Their Effectiveness," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-15, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:3:p:604-:d:486728
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Juan E. Tibaquirá & José I. Huertas & Sebastián Ospina & Luis F. Quirama & José E. Niño, 2018. "The Effect of Using Ethanol-Gasoline Blends on the Mechanical, Energy and Environmental Performance of In-Use Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-17, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ireneusz Pielecha & Zbigniew Stępień & Filip Szwajca & Grzegorz Kinal, 2022. "Effectiveness of Butanol and Deposit Control Additive in Fuel to Reduce Deposits of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Injectors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-18, December.
    2. Zbigniew Stępień & Ireneusz Pielecha & Filip Szwajca & Wojciech Cieślik, 2022. "Effects of Ethanol Admixtures with Gasoline on Fuel Atomization Characteristics Using High-Pressure Injectors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-18, April.

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    Keywords

    engine deposits; fuel; ethanol; tests;
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