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Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts

Author

Listed:
  • Haris Mahmood Khan

    (Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (New Campus), Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Tanveer Iqbal

    (Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (New Campus), Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • M. A. Mujtaba

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (New Campus), Lahore 54890, Pakistan)

  • Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Technology, Glocal University, Delhi-Yamunotri Marg, SH-57, Mirzapur Pole, Saharanpur 247121, India)

  • Ibham Veza

    (Automotive Development Centre, School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia)

  • I. M. Rizwanul Fattah

    (Centre for Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia)

Abstract

As a promising renewable fuel, biodiesel has gained worldwide attention to replace fossil-derived mineral diesel due to the threats concerning the depletion of fossil reserves and ecological constraints. Biodiesel production via transesterification involves using homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic catalysts to speed up the reaction. The usage of heterogeneous catalysts over homogeneous catalysts are considered more advantageous and cost-effective. Therefore, several heterogeneous catalysts have been developed from variable sources to make the overall production process economical. After achieving optimum performance of these catalysts and chemical processes, the research has been directed in other perspectives, such as the application of non-conventional methods such as microwave, ultrasonic, plasma heating etc, aiming to enhance the efficiency of the overall process. This mini review is targeted to focus on the research carried out up to this date on microwave-supported heterogeneously catalysed biodiesel production. It discusses the phenomenon of microwave heating, synthesis techniques for heterogeneous catalysts, microwave mediated transesterification reaction using solid catalysts, special thermal effects of microwaves and parametric optimisation under microwave heating. The review shows that using microwave technology on the heterogeneously catalysed transesterification process greatly decreases reaction times (5–60 min) while maintaining or improving catalytic activity (>90%) when compared to traditional heating.

Suggested Citation

  • Haris Mahmood Khan & Tanveer Iqbal & M. A. Mujtaba & Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & Ibham Veza & I. M. Rizwanul Fattah, 2021. "Microwave Assisted Biodiesel Production Using Heterogeneous Catalysts," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-16, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:23:p:8135-:d:695047
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Das, Arpita & Li, Hui & Kataki, Rupam & Agrawal, Pratibha S. & Moyon, N.S. & Gurunathan, Baskar & Rokhum, Samuel Lalthazuala, 2023. "Terminalia arjuna bark – A highly efficient renewable heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 185-196.
    2. M. A. Hazrat & M. G. Rasul & M. M. K. Khan & N. Ashwath & I. M. R. Fattah & Hwai Chyuan Ong & T. M. I. Mahlia, 2023. "Biodiesel production from transesterification of Australian Brassica napus L. oil: optimisation and reaction kinetic model development," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(11), pages 12247-12272, November.
    3. Haris Mahmood Khan & Tanveer Iqbal & Saima Yasin & Muhammad Irfan & Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas & Ibham Veza & Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & Anas Abdelrahman & Md. Abul Kalam, 2022. "Heterogeneous Catalyzed Biodiesel Production Using Cosolvent: A Mini Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-11, April.
    4. Koguleshun Subramaniam & Kang Yao Wong & Kok Hoe Wong & Cheng Tung Chong & Jo-Han Ng, 2024. "Enhancing Biodiesel Production: A Review of Microchannel Reactor Technologies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-37, March.
    5. Eugenio Meloni, 2022. "Electrification of Chemical Engineering: A New Way to Intensify Chemical Processes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-3, July.

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