IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i20p6736-d657864.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Switched Optimal Control of a Heavy-Duty Hybrid Vehicle

Author

Listed:
  • Muataz Abotabik

    (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
    Current address: 1903 Western Michigan Ave., Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Richard T. Meyer

    (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
    Current address: 1903 Western Michigan Ave., Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA.
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

This work investigates the fuel energy and emission reductions possible with the hybridization of a Class 8 tractor-trailer. The truck tractor has two drive axles: one powered by an internal-combustion-engine-based powertrain (CP) and the other powered by an electric powertrain (EP) consisting of an electric drive system supplied by a battery pack, resulting in a through-the-road hybrid. The EP has two modes of operation depending on the direction of power flow: motoring/battery discharging and generating/battery recharging. Switched optimal control is used to select between the two modes of EP operation, and a recently developed distributed switched optimal control is applied. The control is distributed between the CP, the EP, and the vehicle motion operation components. Control-oriented, component-specific power flow models are set forth to describe the dynamics and algebraic relationships. Four different tractor-trailers are simulated: the original CP and three hybrids with engine sizes of 15 L, 11 L, and 7 L. Simulations are performed over a short test cycle and two regulatory driving cycles to compare the fuel use, total energy, and emissions. Results show that the hybrids have reduced fuel use, total energy, and emissions compared to the original CP; the reductions and reference velocity tracking error increases as the engine size is decreased. Particularly, fuel use is reduced by at least 4.1 % under a charge sustaining operation and by 9.8 % when the battery energy can be restored with an off-board charger at the end of the cycle.

Suggested Citation

  • Muataz Abotabik & Richard T. Meyer, 2021. "Switched Optimal Control of a Heavy-Duty Hybrid Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-20, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:20:p:6736-:d:657864
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/20/6736/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/20/6736/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ribau, João P. & Silva, Carla M. & Sousa, João M.C., 2014. "Efficiency, cost and life cycle CO2 optimization of fuel cell hybrid and plug-in hybrid urban buses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 320-335.
    2. Richard T. Meyer, 2020. "Distributed Switched Optimal Control of an Electric Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-27, July.
    3. Pei Zhang & Xianpan Wu & Changqing Du & Hongming Xu & Huawu Wang, 2020. "Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Hybrid Heavy-Duty Truck Based on Driving Condition Recognition and Parameter Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-20, October.
    4. Bravo, Rafael Rivelino Silva & De Negri, Victor Juliano & Oliveira, Amir Antonio Martins, 2018. "Design and analysis of a parallel hydraulic – pneumatic regenerative braking system for heavy-duty hybrid vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 60-77.
    5. Hsiu-Ying Hwang & Tian-Syung Lan & Jia-Shiun Chen, 2020. "Optimization and Application for Hydraulic Electric Hybrid Vehicle," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-17, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Lane, Blake & Kinnon, Michael Mac & Shaffer, Brendan & Samuelsen, Scott, 2022. "Deployment planning tool for environmentally sensitive heavy-duty vehicles and fueling infrastructure," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    2. Dennis Dreier & Mark Howells, 2019. "OSeMOSYS-PuLP: A Stochastic Modeling Framework for Long-Term Energy Systems Modeling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-26, April.
    3. Zhang, Hongtao & Li, Xianguo & Liu, Xinzhi & Yan, Jinyue, 2019. "Enhancing fuel cell durability for fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicles through strategic power management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C), pages 483-490.
    4. Teen-Hang Meen & Wenbing Zhao & Cheng-Fu Yang, 2020. "Special Issue on Selected Papers from IEEE ICKII 2019," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-5, April.
    5. Briggs, Ian & Murtagh, Martin & Kee, Robert & McCulloug, Geoffrey & Douglas, Roy, 2017. "Sustainable non-automotive vehicles: The simulation challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 840-851.
    6. Hsiu-Ying Hwang & Jia-Shiun Chen, 2020. "Optimized Fuel Economy Control of Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Particle Swarm Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-18, May.
    7. Ribau, João P. & Sousa, João M.C. & Silva, Carla M., 2015. "Reducing the carbon footprint of urban bus fleets using multi-objective optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 1089-1104.
    8. Tanveer, Waqas Hassan & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Kolosz, Ben W. & Rezk, Hegazy & Andresen, John & Cha, Suk Won & Sayed, Enas Taha, 2021. "The role of vacuum based technologies in solid oxide fuel cell development to utilize industrial waste carbon for power production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    9. Donkyu Baek & Yukai Chen & Naehyuck Chang & Enrico Macii & Massimo Poncino, 2020. "Optimal Battery Sizing for Electric Truck Delivery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-15, February.
    10. Menglin Li & Haoran Liu & Mei Yan & Hongyang Xu & Hongwen He, 2022. "A Novel Multi-Objective Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell Buses Quantifying Fuel Cell Degradation as Operating Cost," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-16, December.
    11. Xu, Yanzhi & Gbologah, Franklin E. & Lee, Dong-Yeon & Liu, Haobing & Rodgers, Michael O. & Guensler, Randall L., 2015. "Assessment of alternative fuel and powertrain transit bus options using real-world operations data: Life-cycle fuel and emissions modeling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 143-159.
    12. Rupp, Matthias & Handschuh, Nils & Rieke, Christian & Kuperjans, Isabel, 2019. "Contribution of country-specific electricity mix and charging time to environmental impact of battery electric vehicles: A case study of electric buses in Germany," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 618-634.
    13. Xylia, Maria & Silveira, Semida, 2018. "The role of charging technologies in upscaling the use of electric buses in public transport: Experiences from demonstration projects," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 399-415.
    14. Xu, Liangfei & Mueller, Clemens David & Li, Jianqiu & Ouyang, Minggao & Hu, Zunyan, 2015. "Multi-objective component sizing based on optimal energy management strategy of fuel cell electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 664-674.
    15. Haoyi Zhang & Fuquan Zhao & Han Hao & Zongwei Liu, 2023. "Life Cycle Emissions of Passenger Vehicles in China: A Sensitivity Analysis of Multiple Influencing Factors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-20, March.
    16. Jianyun, Zhu & Li, Chen & Lijuan, Xia & Bin, Wang, 2019. "Bi-objective optimal design of plug-in hybrid electric propulsion system for ships," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 247-261.
    17. Sven Schulze & Günter Feyerl & Stefan Pischinger, 2023. "Advanced ECMS for Hybrid Electric Heavy-Duty Trucks with Predictive Battery Discharge and Adaptive Operating Strategy under Real Driving Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-29, July.
    18. Ashwani Kumar Malviya & Mehdi Zarehparast Malekzadeh & Francisco Enrique Santarremigia & Gemma Dolores Molero & Ignacio Villalba Sanchis & Pablo Martínez Fernández & Víctor Yepes, 2024. "Optimization of Life Cycle Cost and Environmental Impact Functions of NiZn Batteries by Using Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-28, July.
    19. Guo, Jiadong & Ge, Yunshan & Hao, Lijun & Tan, Jianwei & Peng, Zihang & Zhang, Chuanzhen, 2015. "Comparison of real-world fuel economy and emissions from parallel hybrid and conventional diesel buses fitted with selective catalytic reduction systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 433-441.
    20. Renjie Wang & Yuanyuan Song & Honglei Xu & Yue Li & Jie Liu, 2022. "Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Consumption and CO 2 Emission from HEV, PHEV and BEV for China in the Past, Present and Future," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-16, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:20:p:6736-:d:657864. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.