IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i19p6067-d641634.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Computer Analysis of the Effects of Time and Gas Atmosphere of the Chemical Activation on the Development of the Porous Structure of Activated Carbons Derived from Oil Palm Shell

Author

Listed:
  • Mirosław Kwiatkowski

    (Department of Fuel Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

The results of the advanced computer analysis of the influence of time and gas atmosphere of the chemical activation process on the microporous structure formation of activated carbons prepared from oil palm shell via microwave irradiation and activation, using potassium hydroxide as an activation agent, are presented in this paper. The quenched solid density functional theory (QSDFT) and the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis (LBET) methods were used especially in the analysis of the microporous structure of the activated carbons, taking into account the surface heterogeneity, and the results obtained were confronted with the simple results achieved earlier using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and T-plot methods. On the basis of the computer analysis carried out and taking into account the results obtained, it has been shown that the material with the best adsorption properties and suitable for practical industrial applications is activated carbon obtained in a gaseous nitrogen atmosphere at an activation time of 30 min. Moreover, the value of the heterogeneity parameter indicates that the surface area of this activated carbon is homogeneous, which is of particular importance in the practical application. The paper emphasizes that an erroneous approach to the interpretation of analytical results based on gas adsorption isotherms, which consists in basing conclusions only on the values of a single parameter such as specific surface area or micropore volume, should be avoided. Therefore, it is recommended to use in the analysis of measurement data, several methods of porous structure analysis, including methods considering the heterogeneity of the surface, and when interpreting the results one should also take into account the adsorption process for which the analyzed materials are dedicated.

Suggested Citation

  • Mirosław Kwiatkowski, 2021. "Computer Analysis of the Effects of Time and Gas Atmosphere of the Chemical Activation on the Development of the Porous Structure of Activated Carbons Derived from Oil Palm Shell," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-10, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:19:p:6067-:d:641634
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/19/6067/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/19/6067/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Cuong, Dinh Viet & Matsagar, Babasaheb M. & Lee, Mengshan & Hossain, Md. Shahriar A. & Yamauchi, Yusuke & Vithanage, Meththika & Sarkar, Binoy & Ok, Yong Sik & Wu, Kevin C.-W. & Hou, Chia-Hung, 2021. "A critical review on biochar-based engineered hierarchical porous carbon for capacitive charge storage," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    2. Huang, Yu-Fong & Chiueh, Pei-Te & Kuan, Wen-Hui & Lo, Shang-Lien, 2016. "Microwave pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: Heating performance and reaction kinetics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 137-144.
    3. Isaac Lorero & Arturo J. Vizcaíno & Francisco J. Alguacil & Félix A. López, 2020. "Activated Carbon from Winemaking Waste: Thermoeconomic Analysis for Large-Scale Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-22, December.
    4. Salisu Nasir & Mohd Zobir Hussein & Zulkarnain Zainal & Nor Azah Yusof & Syazwan Afif Mohd Zobir, 2018. "Electrochemical Energy Storage Potentials of Waste Biomass: Oil Palm Leaf- and Palm Kernel Shell-Derived Activated Carbons," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-22, December.
    5. Edoardo Miliotti & Luca Rosi & Lorenzo Bettucci & Giulia Lotti & Andrea Maria Rizzo & David Chiaramonti, 2020. "Characterization of Chemically and Physically Activated Carbons from Lignocellulosic Ethanol Lignin-Rich Stream via Hydrothermal Carbonization and Slow Pyrolysis Pretreatment," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-17, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ali Mubarak Al-Qahtani, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review in Microwave Pyrolysis of Biomass, Syngas Production and Utilisation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-16, September.
    2. Małgorzata Sieradzka & Cezary Kirczuk & Izabela Kalemba-Rec & Agata Mlonka-Mędrala & Aneta Magdziarz, 2022. "Pyrolysis of Biomass Wastes into Carbon Materials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-12, March.
    3. Wan Adibah Wan Mahari & Nur Fatihah Zainuddin & Wan Mohd Norsani Wan Nik & Cheng Tung Chong & Su Shiung Lam, 2016. "Pyrolysis Recovery of Waste Shipping Oil Using Microwave Heating," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-9, September.
    4. Hu, Mian & Laghari, Mahmood & Cui, Baihui & Xiao, Bo & Zhang, Beiping & Guo, Dabin, 2018. "Catalytic cracking of biomass tar over char supported nickel catalyst," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 228-237.
    5. Ge, Shengbo & Yek, Peter Nai Yuh & Cheng, Yoke Wang & Xia, Changlei & Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah & Liew, Rock Keey & Peng, Wanxi & Yuan, Tong-Qi & Tabatabaei, Meisam & Aghbashlo, Mortaza & Sonne, Christia, 2021. "Progress in microwave pyrolysis conversion of agricultural waste to value-added biofuels: A batch to continuous approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    6. Subhash Chandra & Isha Medha & Ashwani Kumar Tiwari, 2023. "The Role of Modified Biochar for the Remediation of Coal Mining-Impacted Contaminated Soil: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-27, February.
    7. Fan, Huailin & Zhou, Shuxin & Wei, Qinghong & Hu, Xun, 2022. "Honeycomb-like carbon for electrochemical energy storage and conversion," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    8. Zhang, Lianjie & Tan, Yongdong & Cai, Dongqiang & Sun, Jifu & Zhang, Yue & Li, Longzhi & Zhang, Qiang & Zou, Guifu & Song, Zhanlong & Bai, Yonghui, 2022. "Enhanced pyrolysis of woody biomass under interaction of microwave and needle-shape metal and its production properties," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    9. Huang, Yu-Fong & Kuan, Wen-Hui & Chang, Chun-Yuan, 2018. "Effects of particle size, pretreatment, and catalysis on microwave pyrolysis of corn stover," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 696-703.
    10. Eleonora Bottani & Letizia Tebaldi & Andrea Volpi, 2019. "The Role of ICT in Supporting Spent Coffee Grounds Collection and Valorization: A Quantitative Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(23), pages 1-44, November.
    11. Siddique, Istiaq Jamil & Salema, Arshad Adam & Antunes, Elsa & Vinu, Ravikrishnan, 2022. "Technical challenges in scaling up the microwave technology for biomass processing," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    12. Wan Mahari, Wan Adibah & Kee, Seng Hon & Foong, Shin Ying & Amelia, Tan Suet May & Bhubalan, Kesaven & Man, Mustafa & Yang, YaFeng & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Vithanage, Meththika & Lam, Su Shiung & Sonne, C, 2022. "Generating alternative fuel and bioplastics from medical plastic waste and waste frying oil using microwave co-pyrolysis combined with microbial fermentation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    13. He, Lu & Ma, Yue & Yue, Changtao & Li, Shuyuan & Tang, Xun, 2022. "The heating performance and kinetic behaviour of oil shale during microwave pyrolysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PB).
    14. Shi, Jinsong & Xu, Jianguo & Cui, Hongmin & Zhou, Youwen & Yan, Nanfu & Yan, Runhan & You, Shengyong, 2024. "N-doped hierarchically porous carbons prepared with the assistance of chemical blowing and in-situ hard template as highly efficient CO2 adsorbents: A combined experimental and theoretical study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    15. Yu, Jie & Lin, Xiaoyu & Huang, Jingchen & Ye, Wangfang & Lan, Qian & Du, Shaorong & Liu, Zilin & Wu, Yijing & Zhao, Zeyuan & Xu, Xin & Yang, Guifang & Changotra, Rahil & Hu, Yulin & Wu, Yulong & Yan, , 2023. "Recent advances in the production processes of hydrothermal liquefaction biocrude and aid-in investigation techniques," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    16. Hoang Chinh Nguyen & Fu-Ming Wang & Kim Khue Dinh & Thanh Truc Pham & Horng-Yi Juan & Nguyen Phuong Nguyen & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Chia-Hung Su, 2020. "Microwave-Assisted Noncatalytic Esterification of Fatty Acid for Biodiesel Production: A Kinetic Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-15, May.
    17. Guo, Feiqiang & Qiao, Qixia & Mao, Songbo & Bai, Jiaming & Dong, Kaiming & Shu, Rui & Xu, Liya & Wei, Haixiao & Qian, Lin & Wang, Yunpu, 2023. "A comprehensive study on the pyrolysis behavior of pine sawdust catalyzed by different metal ions under conventional and microwave heating conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    18. Ma, Rui & Sun, Shichang & Geng, Haihong & Fang, Lin & Zhang, Peixin & Zhang, Xianghua, 2018. "Study on the characteristics of microwave pyrolysis of high-ash sludge, including the products, yields, and energy recovery efficiencies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 515-525.
    19. Nallagatla Vinod Kumar & Gajanan L. Sawargaonkar & C. Sudha Rani & Ajay Singh & T. Ram Prakash & S. Triveni & Prasad J. Kamdi & Rajesh Pasumarthi & Rayapati Karthik & Bathula Venkatesh, 2023. "Comparative Analysis of Pigeonpea Stalk Biochar Characteristics and Energy Use under Different Biochar Production Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-17, September.
    20. Muhammad Muhammad Muzakir & Zulkarnain Zainal & Hong Ngee Lim & Abdul Halim Abdullah & Noor Nazihah Bahrudin & Mahanim Sarif@Mohd Ali, 2020. "Electrochemically Reduced Titania Nanotube Synthesized from Glycerol-Based Electrolyte as Supercapacitor Electrode," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-15, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:19:p:6067-:d:641634. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.