IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i16p4895-d612034.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Review of the State of the Art of Biomethane Production: Recent Advancements and Integration of Renewable Energies

Author

Listed:
  • Francesco Calise

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
    All authors contributed equally to the research activity.)

  • Francesco Liberato Cappiello

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
    All authors contributed equally to the research activity.)

  • Luca Cimmino

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
    All authors contributed equally to the research activity.)

  • Massimo Dentice d’Accadia

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
    All authors contributed equally to the research activity.)

  • Maria Vicidomini

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
    All authors contributed equally to the research activity.)

Abstract

Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is a well-established process that is becoming increasingly popular, especially as a technology for organic waste treatment; the process produces biogas, which can be upgraded to biomethane, which can be used in the transport sector or injected into the natural gas grid. Considering the sensitivity of Anaerobic Digestion to several process parameters, mathematical modeling and numerical simulations can be useful to improve both design and control of the process. Therefore, several different modeling approaches were presented in the literature, aiming at providing suitable tools for the design and simulation of these systems. The purpose of this study is to analyze the recent advancements in the biomethane production from different points of view. Special attention is paid to the integration of this technology with additional renewable energy sources, such as solar, geothermal and wind, aimed at achieving a fully renewable biomethane production. In this case, auxiliary heat may be provided by solar thermal or geothermal energy, while wind or photovoltaic plants can provide auxiliary electricity. Recent advancements in plants design, biomethane production and mathematical modeling are shown in the paper, and the main challenges that these fields must face with are discussed. Considering the increasing interest of industries, public policy makers and researchers in this field, the efficiency and profitability such hybrid renewable solutions for biomethane production are expected to significantly improve in the next future, provided that suitable subsidies and funding policies are implemented to support their development.

Suggested Citation

  • Francesco Calise & Francesco Liberato Cappiello & Luca Cimmino & Massimo Dentice d’Accadia & Maria Vicidomini, 2021. "A Review of the State of the Art of Biomethane Production: Recent Advancements and Integration of Renewable Energies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-43, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:16:p:4895-:d:612034
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/16/4895/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/16/4895/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zamri, M.F.M.A. & Hasmady, Saiful & Akhiar, Afifi & Ideris, Fazril & Shamsuddin, A.H. & Mofijur, M. & Fattah, I. M. Rizwanul & Mahlia, T.M.I., 2021. "A comprehensive review on anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    2. Renata D’arc Coura & Ana Cristina Rodrigues & Joaquim Mamede Alonso & Ana Isabel Ferraz & Luis Miguel Brito & João Carlos Castro Abrantes & António Guerreiro Brito, 2021. "Combined Pretreatment by Ultrasound and Struvite Precipitation of Raw Substrates: A Strategy to Overcome C/N Ratio Unbalance in Nitrogen-Rich Anaerobic Co-Digestion Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-14, February.
    3. Connolly, D. & Lund, H. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2016. "Smart Energy Europe: The technical and economic impact of one potential 100% renewable energy scenario for the European Union," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1634-1653.
    4. Li, C. & Champagne, P. & Anderson, B.C., 2015. "Enhanced biogas production from anaerobic co-digestion of municipal wastewater treatment sludge and fat, oil and grease (FOG) by a modified two-stage thermophilic digester system with selected thermo-," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 474-482.
    5. Ayman M. Dohdoh & Ibrahim Hendy & Martina Zelenakova & Ahmed Abdo, 2021. "Domestic Wastewater Treatment: A Comparison between an Integrated Hybrid UASB-IFAS System and a Conventional UASB-AS System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-18, February.
    6. Jensen, M.B. & Ottosen, L.D.M. & Kofoed, M.V.W., 2021. "H2 gas-liquid mass transfer: A key element in biological Power-to-Gas methanation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    7. Prasertsan, S. & Sajjakulnukit, B., 2006. "Biomass and biogas energy in Thailand: Potential, opportunity and barriers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 599-610.
    8. Luo, Gang & Wang, Wen & Angelidaki, Irini, 2014. "A new degassing membrane coupled upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor to achieve in-situ biogas upgrading and recovery of dissolved CH4 from the anaerobic effluent," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 536-542.
    9. Abdeshahian, Peyman & Lim, Jeng Shiun & Ho, Wai Shin & Hashim, Haslenda & Lee, Chew Tin, 2016. "Potential of biogas production from farm animal waste in Malaysia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 714-723.
    10. Yasmine Ryma Ouahabi & Kenza Bensadok & Abdeldjalil Ouahabi, 2021. "Optimization of the Biomethane Production Process by Anaerobic Digestion of Wheat Straw Using Chemical Pretreatments Coupled with Ultrasonic Disintegration," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-18, June.
    11. Kathrin Bienert & Britt Schumacher & Martín Rojas Arboleda & Eric Billig & Samiksha Shakya & Gustav Rogstrand & Marcin Zieliński & Marcin Dębowski, 2019. "Multi-Indicator Assessment of Innovative Small-Scale Biomethane Technologies in Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-32, April.
    12. Sun, Qie & Li, Hailong & Yan, Jinying & Liu, Longcheng & Yu, Zhixin & Yu, Xinhai, 2015. "Selection of appropriate biogas upgrading technology-a review of biogas cleaning, upgrading and utilisation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 521-532.
    13. D’Adamo, Idiano & Falcone, Pasquale Marcello & Huisingh, Donald & Morone, Piergiuseppe, 2021. "A circular economy model based on biomethane: What are the opportunities for the municipality of Rome and beyond?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 1660-1672.
    14. Li, Yebo & Park, Stephen Y. & Zhu, Jiying, 2011. "Solid-state anaerobic digestion for methane production from organic waste," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(1), pages 821-826, January.
    15. Diamantis, Vasileios & Eftaxias, Alexandros & Stamatelatou, Katerina & Noutsopoulos, Constantinos & Vlachokostas, Christos & Aivasidis, Alexandros, 2021. "Bioenergy in the era of circular economy: Anaerobic digestion technological solutions to produce biogas from lipid-rich wastes," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 438-447.
    16. Gan Chin Heng & Mohamed Hasnain Isa & Serene Sow Mun Lock & Choon Aun Ng, 2021. "Process Optimization of Waste Activated Sludge in Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Production by Electrochemical Pre-Treatment Using Ruthenium Oxide Coated Titanium Electrodes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-13, April.
    17. Miriam Cerrillo & Laura Burgos & August Bonmatí, 2021. "Biogas Upgrading and Ammonia Recovery from Livestock Manure Digestates in a Combined Electromethanogenic Biocathode—Hydrophobic Membrane System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-12, January.
    18. Tatiana Nevzorova, 2020. "Biogas Production in the Russian Federation: Current Status, Potential, and Barriers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-21, July.
    19. Rupf, Gloria V. & Bahri, Parisa A. & de Boer, Karne & McHenry, Mark P., 2015. "Barriers and opportunities of biogas dissemination in Sub-Saharan Africa and lessons learned from Rwanda, Tanzania, China, India, and Nepal," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 468-476.
    20. Zheng, Lei & Cheng, Shikun & Han, Yanzhao & Wang, Min & Xiang, Yue & Guo, Jiali & Cai, Di & Mang, Heinz-Peter & Dong, Taili & Li, Zifu & Yan, Zhengxu & Men, Yu, 2020. "Bio-natural gas industry in China: Current status and development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    21. Khan, Irfan & Hou, Fujun & Zakari, Abdulrasheed & Tawiah, Vincent Konadu, 2021. "The dynamic links among energy transitions, energy consumption, and sustainable economic growth: A novel framework for IEA countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    22. Xue, Shengrong & Song, Jinghui & Wang, Xiaojiao & Shang, Zezhou & Sheng, Chenjing & Li, Chongyuan & Zhu, Yufan & Liu, Jingyu, 2020. "A systematic comparison of biogas development and related policies between China and Europe and corresponding insights," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    23. Elagroudy, S. & Radwan, A.G. & Banadda, N. & Mostafa, Nagwan G. & Owusu, P.A. & Janajreh, I., 2020. "Mathematical models comparison of biogas production from anaerobic digestion of microwave pretreated mixed sludge," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 1009-1020.
    24. Zhang, Kuan & Zhou, Bin & Li, Canbing & Voropai, Nikolai & Li, Jiayong & Huang, Wentao & Wang, Tao, 2021. "Dynamic modeling and coordinated multi-energy management for a sustainable biogas-dominated energy hub," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    25. Yin, Dongxue & Liu, Wei & Zhai, Ningning & Wang, Yandong & Ren, Chengjie & Yang, Gaihe, 2017. "Regional differentiation of rural household biogas development and related driving factors in China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 1008-1018.
    26. Rahimi, Mohammad Javad & Ghorbani, Bahram & Amidpour, Majid & Hamedi, Mohammad Hossein, 2021. "Configuration optimization of a multi-generation plant based on biomass gasification," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    27. Chen, Cheng & Guo, Wenshan & Ngo, Huu Hao & Lee, Duu-Jong & Tung, Kuo-Lun & Jin, Pengkang & Wang, Jie & Wu, Yun, 2016. "Challenges in biogas production from anaerobic membrane bioreactors," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 120-134.
    28. Almer, Christian & Winkler, Ralph, 2017. "Analyzing the effectiveness of international environmental policies: The case of the Kyoto Protocol," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 125-151.
    29. Qyyum, Muhammad Abdul & Haider, Junaid & Qadeer, Kinza & Valentina, Valentina & Khan, Amin & Yasin, Muhammad & Aslam, Muhammad & De Guido, Giorgia & Pellegrini, Laura A. & Lee, Moonyong, 2020. "Biogas to liquefied biomethane: Assessment of 3P's–Production, processing, and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    30. Gil-Carrera, Laura & Browne, James D. & Kilgallon, Ian & Murphy, Jerry D., 2019. "Feasibility study of an off-grid biomethane mobile solution for agri-waste," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 471-481.
    31. Ramos-Suárez, J.L. & Ritter, A. & Mata González, J. & Camacho Pérez, A., 2019. "Biogas from animal manure: A sustainable energy opportunity in the Canary Islands," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 137-150.
    32. Marcin Zieliński & Paulina Rusanowska & Aleksandra Krzywik & Magda Dudek & Anna Nowicka & Marcin Dębowski, 2019. "Application of Hydrodynamic Cavitation for Improving Methane Fermentation of Sida hermaphrodita Silage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-8, February.
    33. Divya, D. & Gopinath, L.R. & Merlin Christy, P., 2015. "A review on current aspects and diverse prospects for enhancing biogas production in sustainable means," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 690-699.
    34. Ribó-Pérez, David & Herraiz-Cañete, Ángela & Alfonso-Solar, David & Vargas-Salgado, Carlos & Gómez-Navarro, Tomás, 2021. "Modelling biomass gasifiers in hybrid renewable energy microgrids; a complete procedure for enabling gasifiers simulation in HOMER," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 501-512.
    35. Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali & Sadeghzadeh Hemayati, Saeed & Tabatabaei, Meisam & Aghbashlo, Mortaza & Mahmoudi, Seyed Bagher, 2019. "A review on beet sugar industry with a focus on implementation of waste-to-energy strategy for power supply," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 423-442.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Calise, Francesco & Cappiello, Francesco Liberato & Cimmino, Luca & Dentice d’Accadia, Massimo & Vicidomini, Maria, 2023. "Dynamic simulation and thermoeconomic analysis of a power to gas system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    2. Piotr Sulewski & Wiktor Ignaciuk & Magdalena Szymańska & Adam Wąs, 2023. "Development of the Biomethane Market in Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-34, February.
    3. Vasiliki Kamperidou & Paschalina Terzopoulou, 2021. "Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Waste Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-23, November.
    4. Calise, Francesco & Cappiello, Francesco Liberato & Cimmino, Luca & Dentice d’Accadia, Massimo & Vicidomini, Maria, 2023. "Dynamic analysis and investigation of the thermal transient effects in a CSTR reactor producing biogas," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    5. Francesco Liberato Cappiello & Luca Cimmino & Marialuisa Napolitano & Maria Vicidomini, 2022. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Biomethane Production Plants: A Dynamic Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-23, May.
    6. Orlando Corigliano & Marco Iannuzzi & Crescenzo Pellegrino & Francesco D’Amico & Leonardo Pagnotta & Petronilla Fragiacomo, 2023. "Enhancing Energy Processes and Facilities Redesign in an Anaerobic Digestion Plant for Biomethane Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(15), pages 1-29, August.
    7. Francesco Calise & Massimo Dentice d’Accadia & Maria Vicidomini, 2022. "Integrated Solar Thermal Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-8, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Khalil, Munawar & Berawi, Mohammed Ali & Heryanto, Rudi & Rizalie, Akhmad, 2019. "Waste to energy technology: The potential of sustainable biogas production from animal waste in Indonesia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 323-331.
    2. Abdeshahian, Peyman & Lim, Jeng Shiun & Ho, Wai Shin & Hashim, Haslenda & Lee, Chew Tin, 2016. "Potential of biogas production from farm animal waste in Malaysia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 714-723.
    3. Khan, Muhammad Usman & Lee, Jonathan Tian En & Bashir, Muhammad Aamir & Dissanayake, Pavani Dulanja & Ok, Yong Sik & Tong, Yen Wah & Shariati, Mohammad Ali & Wu, Sarah & Ahring, Birgitte Kiaer, 2021. "Current status of biogas upgrading for direct biomethane use: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    4. Luo, Erga & Yan, Ru & He, Yaping & Han, Zhen & Feng, Yiyu & Qian, Wenrong & Li, Jinkai, 2024. "Does biogas industrial policy promote the industrial transformation?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    5. Yanbo Wang & Boyao Zhi & Shumin Xiang & Guangxin Ren & Yongzhong Feng & Gaihe Yang & Xiaojiao Wang, 2023. "China’s Biogas Industry’s Sustainable Transition to a Low-Carbon Plan—A Socio-Technical Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-20, March.
    6. Muhamed Rasit Atelge & Halil Senol & Mohammed Djaafri & Tulin Avci Hansu & David Krisa & Abdulaziz Atabani & Cigdem Eskicioglu & Hamdi Muratçobanoğlu & Sebahattin Unalan & Slimane Kalloum & Nuri Azbar, 2021. "A Critical Overview of the State-of-the-Art Methods for Biogas Purification and Utilization Processes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-39, October.
    7. Tabatabaei, Meisam & Aghbashlo, Mortaza & Valijanian, Elena & Kazemi Shariat Panahi, Hamed & Nizami, Abdul-Sattar & Ghanavati, Hossein & Sulaiman, Alawi & Mirmohamadsadeghi, Safoora & Karimi, Keikhosr, 2020. "A comprehensive review on recent biological innovations to improve biogas production, Part 2: Mainstream and downstream strategies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 1392-1407.
    8. Shirzad, Mohammad & Kazemi Shariat Panahi, Hamed & Dashti, Behrouz B. & Rajaeifar, Mohammad Ali & Aghbashlo, Mortaza & Tabatabaei, Meisam, 2019. "A comprehensive review on electricity generation and GHG emission reduction potentials through anaerobic digestion of agricultural and livestock/slaughterhouse wastes in Iran," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 571-594.
    9. Ni, Ji-Qin, 2024. "A review of household and industrial anaerobic digestion in Asia: Biogas development and safety incidents," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    10. Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan & G. M. Shafiullah & Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, 2019. "A State-of-the-Art Review on the Drive of Renewables in Gujarat, State of India: Present Situation, Barriers and Future Initiatives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-30, December.
    11. Guoliang Zhang & Suhua Lou & Yaowu Wu & Yang Wu & Xiangfeng Wen, 2020. "A New Commerce Operation Model for Integrated Energy System Containing the Utilization of Bio-Natural Gas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-13, December.
    12. Calise, Francesco & Cappiello, Francesco Liberato & Cimmino, Luca & Dentice d’Accadia, Massimo & Vicidomini, Maria, 2024. "A solar-assisted liquefied biomethane production by anaerobic digestion: Dynamic simulations for harbors," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PB).
    13. Saha, Chayan Kumer & Nandi, Rajesh & Akter, Shammi & Hossain, Samira & Kabir, Kazi Bayzid & Kirtania, Kawnish & Islam, Md Tahmid & Guidugli, Laura & Reza, M. Toufiq & Alam, Md Monjurul, 2024. "Technical prospects and challenges of anaerobic co-digestion in Bangladesh: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 197(C).
    14. Zheng, Lei & Cheng, Shikun & Han, Yanzhao & Wang, Min & Xiang, Yue & Guo, Jiali & Cai, Di & Mang, Heinz-Peter & Dong, Taili & Li, Zifu & Yan, Zhengxu & Men, Yu, 2020. "Bio-natural gas industry in China: Current status and development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    15. Tabatabaei, Meisam & Aghbashlo, Mortaza & Valijanian, Elena & Kazemi Shariat Panahi, Hamed & Nizami, Abdul-Sattar & Ghanavati, Hossein & Sulaiman, Alawi & Mirmohamadsadeghi, Safoora & Karimi, Keikhosr, 2020. "A comprehensive review on recent biological innovations to improve biogas production, Part 1: Upstream strategies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 1204-1220.
    16. Marta Wiśniewska & Andrzej Kulig & Krystyna Lelicińska-Serafin, 2021. "Odour Nuisance at Municipal Waste Biogas Plants and the Effect of Feedstock Modification on the Circular Economy—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-22, October.
    17. Hagos, Kiros & Zong, Jianpeng & Li, Dongxue & Liu, Chang & Lu, Xiaohua, 2017. "Anaerobic co-digestion process for biogas production: Progress, challenges and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 1485-1496.
    18. Zhang, Lihui & Wang, Jianing & Li, Songrui, 2022. "Regional suitability analysis of the rural biogas power generation industry:A case of China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 293-306.
    19. Diamantis, Vasileios & Eftaxias, Alexandros & Stamatelatou, Katerina & Noutsopoulos, Constantinos & Vlachokostas, Christos & Aivasidis, Alexandros, 2021. "Bioenergy in the era of circular economy: Anaerobic digestion technological solutions to produce biogas from lipid-rich wastes," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 438-447.
    20. Kasinath, Archana & Fudala-Ksiazek, Sylwia & Szopinska, Malgorzata & Bylinski, Hubert & Artichowicz, Wojciech & Remiszewska-Skwarek, Anna & Luczkiewicz, Aneta, 2021. "Biomass in biogas production: Pretreatment and codigestion," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:16:p:4895-:d:612034. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.