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Hydrate Phase Transition Kinetic Modeling for Nature and Industry–Where Are We and Where Do We Go?

Author

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  • Bjørn Kvamme

    (Hyzen Energy, 26701 Quail Creek, Laguna Hills, CA 92656, USA
    Strategic Carbon LLC, 20 Ladd St., Suite 200, Portsmouth, NH 03801, USA
    State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Xindu, Road No.8, Chengdu 610500, China)

  • Matthew Clarke

    (Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada)

Abstract

Hydrate problems in industry have historically motivated modeling of hydrates and hydrate phase transition dynamics, and much knowledge has been gained during the last fifty years of research. The interest in natural gas hydrate as energy source is increasing rapidly. Parallel to this, there is also a high focus on fluxes of methane from the oceans. A limited portion of the fluxes of methane comes directly from natural gas hydrates but a much larger portion of the fluxes involves hydrate mounds as a dynamic seal that slows down leakage fluxes. In this work we review some of the historical trends in kinetic modeling of hydrate formation and discussion. We also discuss a possible future development over to classical thermodynamics and residual thermodynamics as a platform for all phases, including water phases. This opens up for consistent thermodynamics in which Gibbs free energy for all phases are comparable in terms of stability, and also consistent calculation of enthalpies and entropies. Examples are used to demonstrate various stability limits and how various routes to hydrate formation lead to different hydrates. A reworked Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) is utilized to illustrate that nucleation of hydrate is, as expected from physics, a nano-scale process in time and space. Induction times, or time for onset of massive growth, on the other hand, are frequently delayed by hydrate film transport barriers that slow down contact between gas and liquid water. It is actually demonstrated that the reworked CNT model is able to predict experimental induction times.

Suggested Citation

  • Bjørn Kvamme & Matthew Clarke, 2021. "Hydrate Phase Transition Kinetic Modeling for Nature and Industry–Where Are We and Where Do We Go?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-47, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:14:p:4149-:d:591476
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bjørn Kvamme & Jinzhou Zhao & Na Wei & Wantong Sun & Navid Saeidi & Jun Pei & Tatiana Kuznetsova, 2020. "Hydrate Production Philosophy and Thermodynamic Calculations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-34, February.
    2. Bjørn Kvamme & Jinzhou Zhao & Na Wei & Navid Saeidi, 2020. "Hydrate—A Mysterious Phase or Just Misunderstood?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-26, February.
    3. Bjørn Kvamme & Jinzhou Zhao & Na Wei & Wantong Sun & Mojdeh Zarifi & Navid Saeidi & Shouwei Zhou & Tatiana Kuznetsova & Qingping Li, 2020. "Why Should We Use Residual Thermodynamics for Calculation of Hydrate Phase Transitions?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-30, August.
    4. Solomon Aforkoghene Aromada & Bjørn Kvamme & Na Wei & Navid Saeidi, 2019. "Enthalpies of Hydrate Formation and Dissociation from Residual Thermodynamics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-26, December.
    5. Bjørn Kvamme, 2019. "Enthalpies of Hydrate Formation from Hydrate Formers Dissolved in Water," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-19, March.
    6. Bjørn Kvamme & Richard B. Coffin & Jinzhou Zhao & Na Wei & Shouwei Zhou & Qingping Li & Navid Saeidi & Yu-Chien Chien & Derek Dunn-Rankin & Wantong Sun & Mojdeh Zarifi, 2019. "Stages in the Dynamics of Hydrate Formation and Consequences for Design of Experiments for Hydrate Formation in Sediments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-20, September.
    7. Bjørn Kvamme, 2019. "Environmentally Friendly Production of Methane from Natural Gas Hydrate Using Carbon Dioxide," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-23, April.
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    2. Maria De La Fuente & Sandra Arndt & Héctor Marín-Moreno & Tim A. Minshull, 2022. "Assessing the Benthic Response to Climate-Driven Methane Hydrate Destabilisation: State of the Art and Future Modelling Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-32, May.

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