IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2020i1p117-d469482.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Comprehensive Analysis of the Voltage Unbalance Factor in PV and EV Rich Non-Synthetic Low Voltage Distribution Networks

Author

Listed:
  • Tomislav Antić

    (Department of Energy and Power Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Tomislav Capuder

    (Department of Energy and Power Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Martin Bolfek

    (HEP DSO Ltd. Elektra Koprivnica, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia)

Abstract

With the development of technology and the decrease in prices, power systems are facing a strong growth in the number of end-users with photovoltaics (PVs), battery storages and electric vehicles (EVs). A penetration of low carbon (LC) technologies has an impact not only on the financial aspect, but also on parameters of the power quality (PQ) in the power system. Since most of end-users with renewable energy sources (RES) are connected to a low-voltage (LV) distribution network, there is a high number of single-phase loads and distributed generators (DG) that can cause unwanted effects in LV networks. According to standards, electric energy must be of a certain quality in order to avoid harmful effects on the power system, being both the network or the end-users equipment. One of the PQ parameters is the voltage unbalance. Voltage unbalance occurs in networks with the high share of single-phase loads and generators. Since most loads in households are connected to the only one phase, the voltage unbalance is constantly present in the network, even without LC technologies. Single-phase connected PVs, residential battery storages and EV charging stations can increase voltage unbalance in the system. This paper systematically analyzes a real-world LV network and different stages and shares of connected PVs, residential battery storages and EVs to different phases. The value of the voltage unbalance factor (VUF) is observed for one week in January and August in 10-min intervals. It is shown that connected systems can significantly increase the VUF and potentially cause negative impact on the equipment and the power system as a whole. In turn we analyze a three-phase connection of these new LC technologies and demonstrate how in all analyzed cases PQ values remain within boundaries defined by the EN 50160 and the IEC 61000-3-13.

Suggested Citation

  • Tomislav Antić & Tomislav Capuder & Martin Bolfek, 2020. "A Comprehensive Analysis of the Voltage Unbalance Factor in PV and EV Rich Non-Synthetic Low Voltage Distribution Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-30, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2020:i:1:p:117-:d:469482
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/1/117/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/1/117/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Azuatalam, Donald & Paridari, Kaveh & Ma, Yiju & Förstl, Markus & Chapman, Archie C. & Verbič, Gregor, 2019. "Energy management of small-scale PV-battery systems: A systematic review considering practical implementation, computational requirements, quality of input data and battery degradation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 555-570.
    2. Das, Choton K. & Bass, Octavian & Kothapalli, Ganesh & Mahmoud, Thair S. & Habibi, Daryoush, 2018. "Overview of energy storage systems in distribution networks: Placement, sizing, operation, and power quality," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 1205-1230.
    3. Wendy Miller & Aaron Liu & Zakaria Amin & Andreas Wagner, 2018. "Power Quality and Rooftop-Photovoltaic Households: An Examination of Measured Data at Point of Customer Connection," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-27, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Damianakis, Nikolaos & Mouli, Gautham Ram Chandra & Bauer, Pavol & Yu, Yunhe, 2023. "Assessing the grid impact of Electric Vehicles, Heat Pumps & PV generation in Dutch LV distribution grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 352(C).
    2. Karmaker, Ashish Kumar & Prakash, Krishneel & Siddique, Md Nazrul Islam & Hossain, Md Alamgir & Pota, Hemanshu, 2024. "Electric vehicle hosting capacity analysis: Challenges and solutions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    3. Min Wang & Huilin Wang & Fanglin Zuo & Jie Zou & Yuan Chen & Zixuan Yu, 2023. "A Consideration of the Single-Phase Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Joint Regulation of a Three-Phase Unbalanced Control Strategy in a Power Distribution System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-18, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wei Ma & Wei Wang & Xuezhi Wu & Ruonan Hu & Fen Tang & Weige Zhang, 2019. "Control Strategy of a Hybrid Energy Storage System to Smooth Photovoltaic Power Fluctuations Considering Photovoltaic Output Power Curtailment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-22, March.
    2. Virgilio Alfonso Murillo Rodríguez & Noé Villa Villaseñor & José Manuel Robles Solís & Omar Alejandro Guirette Barbosa, 2023. "Impact of Automation on Enhancing Energy Quality in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-25, August.
    3. Mousavi, Navid & Kothapalli, Ganesh & Habibi, Daryoush & Das, Choton K. & Baniasadi, Ali, 2020. "A novel photovoltaic-pumped hydro storage microgrid applicable to rural areas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    4. Ghosh, Sourav & Yadav, Sarita & Devi, Ambika & Thomas, Tiju, 2022. "Techno-economic understanding of Indian energy-storage market: A perspective on green materials-based supercapacitor technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    5. Gholami, M. & Barbaresi, A. & Torreggiani, D. & Tassinari, P., 2020. "Upscaling of spatial energy planning, phases, methods, and techniques: A systematic review through meta-analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    6. Levitin, Gregory & Xing, Liudong & Dai, Yuanshun, 2022. "Optimal sequencing of elements activation in 1-out-of-n warm standby system with storage," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
    7. Zhou, Hou Sheng & Passey, Rob & Bruce, Anna & Sproul, Alistair B., 2021. "A case study on the behaviour of residential battery energy storage systems during network demand peaks," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 712-724.
    8. Mulleriyawage, U.G.K. & Shen, W.X., 2021. "Impact of demand side management on optimal sizing of residential battery energy storage system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 1250-1266.
    9. Ahmed Alzahrani & Hussain Alharthi & Muhammad Khalid, 2019. "Minimization of Power Losses through Optimal Battery Placement in a Distributed Network with High Penetration of Photovoltaics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-16, December.
    10. Reveles-Miranda, María & Ramirez-Rivera, Victor & Pacheco-Catalán, Daniella, 2024. "Hybrid energy storage: Features, applications, and ancillary benefits," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    11. Linda Barelli & Ermanno Cardelli & Dario Pelosi & Dana Alexandra Ciupageanu & Panfilo Andrea Ottaviano & Michela Longo & Dario Zaninelli, 2021. "Energy from the Waves: Integration of a HESS to a Wave Energy Converter in a DC Bus Electrical Architecture to Enhance Grid Power Quality," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-16, December.
    12. Martin, Nigel & Rice, John, 2021. "Power outages, climate events and renewable energy: Reviewing energy storage policy and regulatory options for Australia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    13. Zhou, Xinlei & Xue, Shan & Du, Han & Ma, Zhenjun, 2023. "Optimization of building demand flexibility using reinforcement learning and rule-based expert systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 350(C).
    14. Gabriel Nasser Doyle de Doile & Paulo Rotella Junior & Luiz Célio Souza Rocha & Ivan Bolis & Karel Janda & Luiz Moreira Coelho Junior, 2021. "Hybrid Wind and Solar Photovoltaic Generation with Energy Storage Systems: A Systematic Literature Review and Contributions to Technical and Economic Regulations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-22, October.
    15. Mokesioluwa Fanoro & Mladen Božanić & Saurabh Sinha, 2022. "A Review of the Impact of Battery Degradation on Energy Management Systems with a Special Emphasis on Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-29, August.
    16. Kebede, Abraham Alem & Kalogiannis, Theodoros & Van Mierlo, Joeri & Berecibar, Maitane, 2022. "A comprehensive review of stationary energy storage devices for large scale renewable energy sources grid integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    17. Paolo Sospiro & Lohith Amarnath & Vincenzo Di Nardo & Giacomo Talluri & Foad H. Gandoman, 2021. "Smart Grid in China, EU, and the US: State of Implementation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-16, September.
    18. Sam Wilkinson & Michele John & Gregory M. Morrison, 2021. "Rooftop PV and the Renewable Energy Transition; a Review of Driving Forces and Analytical Frameworks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-25, May.
    19. Nathphol Khaboot & Chitchai Srithapon & Apirat Siritaratiwat & Pirat Khunkitti, 2019. "Increasing Benefits in High PV Penetration Distribution System by Using Battery Enegy Storage and Capacitor Placement Based on Salp Swarm Algorithm," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-20, December.
    20. Wu, Yaling & Liu, Zhongbing & Liu, Jiangyang & Xiao, Hui & Liu, Ruimiao & Zhang, Ling, 2022. "Optimal battery capacity of grid-connected PV-battery systems considering battery degradation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 10-23.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2020:i:1:p:117-:d:469482. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.