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A Comprehensive Analysis of the Voltage Unbalance Factor in PV and EV Rich Non-Synthetic Low Voltage Distribution Networks

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  • Tomislav Antić

    (Department of Energy and Power Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Tomislav Capuder

    (Department of Energy and Power Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia)

  • Martin Bolfek

    (HEP DSO Ltd. Elektra Koprivnica, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia)

Abstract

With the development of technology and the decrease in prices, power systems are facing a strong growth in the number of end-users with photovoltaics (PVs), battery storages and electric vehicles (EVs). A penetration of low carbon (LC) technologies has an impact not only on the financial aspect, but also on parameters of the power quality (PQ) in the power system. Since most of end-users with renewable energy sources (RES) are connected to a low-voltage (LV) distribution network, there is a high number of single-phase loads and distributed generators (DG) that can cause unwanted effects in LV networks. According to standards, electric energy must be of a certain quality in order to avoid harmful effects on the power system, being both the network or the end-users equipment. One of the PQ parameters is the voltage unbalance. Voltage unbalance occurs in networks with the high share of single-phase loads and generators. Since most loads in households are connected to the only one phase, the voltage unbalance is constantly present in the network, even without LC technologies. Single-phase connected PVs, residential battery storages and EV charging stations can increase voltage unbalance in the system. This paper systematically analyzes a real-world LV network and different stages and shares of connected PVs, residential battery storages and EVs to different phases. The value of the voltage unbalance factor (VUF) is observed for one week in January and August in 10-min intervals. It is shown that connected systems can significantly increase the VUF and potentially cause negative impact on the equipment and the power system as a whole. In turn we analyze a three-phase connection of these new LC technologies and demonstrate how in all analyzed cases PQ values remain within boundaries defined by the EN 50160 and the IEC 61000-3-13.

Suggested Citation

  • Tomislav Antić & Tomislav Capuder & Martin Bolfek, 2020. "A Comprehensive Analysis of the Voltage Unbalance Factor in PV and EV Rich Non-Synthetic Low Voltage Distribution Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-30, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2020:i:1:p:117-:d:469482
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Azuatalam, Donald & Paridari, Kaveh & Ma, Yiju & Förstl, Markus & Chapman, Archie C. & Verbič, Gregor, 2019. "Energy management of small-scale PV-battery systems: A systematic review considering practical implementation, computational requirements, quality of input data and battery degradation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 555-570.
    2. Wendy Miller & Aaron Liu & Zakaria Amin & Andreas Wagner, 2018. "Power Quality and Rooftop-Photovoltaic Households: An Examination of Measured Data at Point of Customer Connection," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-27, April.
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    1. Damianakis, Nikolaos & Mouli, Gautham Ram Chandra & Bauer, Pavol & Yu, Yunhe, 2023. "Assessing the grid impact of Electric Vehicles, Heat Pumps & PV generation in Dutch LV distribution grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 352(C).
    2. Karmaker, Ashish Kumar & Prakash, Krishneel & Siddique, Md Nazrul Islam & Hossain, Md Alamgir & Pota, Hemanshu, 2024. "Electric vehicle hosting capacity analysis: Challenges and solutions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 189(PA).
    3. Min Wang & Huilin Wang & Fanglin Zuo & Jie Zou & Yuan Chen & Zixuan Yu, 2023. "A Consideration of the Single-Phase Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Joint Regulation of a Three-Phase Unbalanced Control Strategy in a Power Distribution System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-18, June.

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