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Recurrent Neural Network-Based Adaptive Energy Management Control Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Aging

Author

Listed:
  • Lu Han

    (Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China)

  • Xiaohong Jiao

    (Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China)

  • Zhao Zhang

    (Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China)

Abstract

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a product that can greatly alleviate problems related to the energy crisis and environmental pollution. However, replacing such a battery will increase the cost of usage before the end of the life of a HEV. Thus, research on the multi-objective energy management control problem, which aims to not only minimize the gasoline consumption and consumed electricity but also prolong battery life, is necessary and challenging for HEV. This paper presents an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy based on a recurrent neural network (RNN-A-ECMS) to solve the multi-objective optimal control problem for a plug-in HEV (PHEV). The two objectives of energy consumption and battery loss are balanced in the cost function by a weighting factor that changes in real time with the operating mode and current state of the vehicle. The near-global optimality of the energy management control is guaranteed by the equivalent factor (EF) in the designed A-ECMS. As the determined EF is dependent on the optimal co-state of the Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP), which results in the online ECMS being regarded as a realization of PMP-based global optimization during the whole driving cycle. The time-varying weight factor and the co-state of the PMP are map tables on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and power demand, which are established offline by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and real historical traffic data. In addition to the mappings of the weight factor and the major component of the EF linked to the optimal co-state of the PMP, the real-time performance of the energy management control is also guaranteed by the tuning component of the EF of A-ECMS resulting from the Proportional plus Integral (PI) control on the deviation between the battery SOC and the optimal trajectory of the SOC obtained by the Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The RNN is trained offline by the SOC trajectory optimized by dynamic programming (DP) utilizing the historical traffic data. Finally, the effectiveness and the adaptability of the proposed RNN-A-ECMS are demonstrated on the test platform of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on GT-SUITE (a professional integrated simulation platform for engine/vehicle systems developed by Gamma Technologies of US company) compared with the existing strategy.

Suggested Citation

  • Lu Han & Xiaohong Jiao & Zhao Zhang, 2020. "Recurrent Neural Network-Based Adaptive Energy Management Control Strategy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Considering Battery Aging," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-22, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:1:p:202-:d:304206
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    4. Chih-Hong Lin, 2020. "Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive System Using Backstepping Control with Three Adaptive Rules and Revised Recurring Sieved Pollaczek Polynomials Neural Network with Reformed Grey Wolf Optimizat," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-33, November.
    5. Der-Fa Chen & Yi-Cheng Shih & Shih-Cheng Li & Chin-Tung Chen & Jung-Chu Ting, 2020. "Permanent-Magnet SLM Drive System Using AMRRSPNNB Control System with DGWO," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-25, June.
    6. Saiteja, Pemmareddy & Ashok, B., 2022. "Critical review on structural architecture, energy control strategies and development process towards optimal energy management in hybrid vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    7. Bao, Shuyue & Tang, Shifa & Sun, Ping & Wang, Tao, 2023. "LSTM-based energy management algorithm for a vehicle power-split hybrid powertrain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    8. Surender Reddy Salkuti, 2023. "Advanced Technologies for Energy Storage and Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-7, February.
    9. John H. T. Luong & Cang Tran & Di Ton-That, 2022. "A Paradox over Electric Vehicles, Mining of Lithium for Car Batteries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-25, October.
    10. Rauf, Huzaifa & Khalid, Muhammad & Arshad, Naveed, 2022. "Machine learning in state of health and remaining useful life estimation: Theoretical and technological development in battery degradation modelling," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 156(C).
    11. Chen, Zhihang & Liu, Yonggang & Zhang, Yuanjian & Lei, Zhenzhen & Chen, Zheng & Li, Guang, 2022. "A neural network-based ECMS for optimized energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    12. Qicheng Xue & Xin Zhang & Teng Teng & Jibao Zhang & Zhiyuan Feng & Qinyang Lv, 2020. "A Comprehensive Review on Classification, Energy Management Strategy, and Control Algorithm for Hybrid Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-30, October.
    13. Wang, Yue & Li, Keqiang & Zeng, Xiaohua & Gao, Bolin & Hong, Jichao, 2023. "Investigation of novel intelligent energy management strategies for connected HEB considering global planning of fixed-route information," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PB).
    14. Chen, Z. & Liu, Y. & Ye, M. & Zhang, Y. & Chen, Z. & Li, G., 2021. "A survey on key techniques and development perspectives of equivalent consumption minimisation strategy for hybrid electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    15. Dongwei Yao & Xinwei Lu & Xiangyun Chao & Yongguang Zhang & Junhao Shen & Fanlong Zeng & Ziyan Zhang & Feng Wu, 2023. "Adaptive Equivalent Fuel Consumption Minimization Based Energy Management Strategy for Extended-Range Electric Vehicle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-18, March.

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