IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i12p3083-d371649.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Connecting Parking Facilities to the Electric Grid: A Vehicle-to-Grid Feasibility Study in a Railway Station’s Car Park

Author

Listed:
  • Ruben Garruto

    (Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa, 34–20156 Milan, Italy)

  • Michela Longo

    (Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa, 34–20156 Milan, Italy)

  • Wahiba Yaïci

    (CanmetENERGY Research Centre, Natural Resources Canada, 1 Haanel Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 1M1, Canada)

  • Federica Foiadelli

    (Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa, 34–20156 Milan, Italy)

Abstract

This study evaluates the impact of energy on the distribution network at the point of connection of an electric plant of a railway car parking facility in which charging points for electric vehicles (EVs) were installed. The objective is to identify a possible load curve of the simulated car park and, based on the principle of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, to develop an appropriate algorithm. Such an algorithm explores the possibility of a two-way energy flow between the connected vehicles and the electricity grid, and performs a peak shaving of the load curve of the plant under examination in order to avoid absorption peaks, which are usually difficult to manage when using the distribution system operator (DSO). The work also presents the coupling with a photovoltaic system designed specifically for the car park. The study results are presented after a summary of the current state of development of electric mobility, describing the various types of EVs, the charging infrastructure, and the possible applications in smart grids (SGs).

Suggested Citation

  • Ruben Garruto & Michela Longo & Wahiba Yaïci & Federica Foiadelli, 2020. "Connecting Parking Facilities to the Electric Grid: A Vehicle-to-Grid Feasibility Study in a Railway Station’s Car Park," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-23, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:12:p:3083-:d:371649
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/12/3083/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/12/3083/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. van der Kam, Mart & van Sark, Wilfried, 2015. "Smart charging of electric vehicles with photovoltaic power and vehicle-to-grid technology in a microgrid; a case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 20-30.
    2. Tan, Kang Miao & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Yong, Jia Ying, 2016. "Integration of electric vehicles in smart grid: A review on vehicle to grid technologies and optimization techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 720-732.
    3. Drude, Lukas & Pereira Junior, Luiz Carlos & Rüther, Ricardo, 2014. "Photovoltaics (PV) and electric vehicle-to-grid (V2G) strategies for peak demand reduction in urban regions in Brazil in a smart grid environment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 443-451.
    4. Perujo, Adolfo & Ciuffo, Biagio, 2010. "The introduction of electric vehicles in the private fleet: Potential impact on the electric supply system and on the environment. A case study for the Province of Milan, Italy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(8), pages 4549-4561, August.
    5. Hota, Ashish Ranjan & Juvvanapudi, Mahesh & Bajpai, Prabodh, 2014. "Issues and solution approaches in PHEV integration to smart grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 217-229.
    6. Ioakimidis, Christos S. & Thomas, Dimitrios & Rycerski, Pawel & Genikomsakis, Konstantinos N., 2018. "Peak shaving and valley filling of power consumption profile in non-residential buildings using an electric vehicle parking lot," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 148-158.
    7. Hariri, Ali-Mohammad & Hashemi-Dezaki, Hamed & A. Hejazi, Maryam, 2020. "A novel generalized analytical reliability assessment method of smart grids including renewable and non-renewable distributed generations and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    8. Rezkalla, Michel & Zecchino, Antonio & Martinenas, Sergejus & Prostejovsky, Alexander M. & Marinelli, Mattia, 2018. "Comparison between synthetic inertia and fast frequency containment control based on single phase EVs in a microgrid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 764-775.
    9. Uddin, Kotub & Dubarry, Matthieu & Glick, Mark B., 2018. "The viability of vehicle-to-grid operations from a battery technology and policy perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 342-347.
    10. Mwasilu, Francis & Justo, Jackson John & Kim, Eun-Kyung & Do, Ton Duc & Jung, Jin-Woo, 2014. "Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 501-516.
    11. Liu, Jin-peng & Zhang, Teng-xi & Zhu, Jiang & Ma, Tian-nan, 2018. "Allocation optimization of electric vehicle charging station (EVCS) considering with charging satisfaction and distributed renewables integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C), pages 560-574.
    12. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Hirsh, Richard F., 2009. "Beyond batteries: An examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 1095-1103, March.
    13. Uddin, Kotub & Jackson, Tim & Widanage, Widanalage D. & Chouchelamane, Gael & Jennings, Paul A. & Marco, James, 2017. "On the possibility of extending the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries through optimal V2G facilitated by an integrated vehicle and smart-grid system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 710-722.
    14. Ekman, Claus Krog, 2011. "On the synergy between large electric vehicle fleet and high wind penetration – An analysis of the Danish case," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 546-553.
    15. Das, H.S. & Rahman, M.M. & Li, S. & Tan, C.W., 2020. "Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: A technological review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    16. Sultana, U. & Khairuddin, Azhar B. & Sultana, Beenish & Rasheed, Nadia & Qazi, Sajid Hussain & Malik, Nimra Riaz, 2018. "Placement and sizing of multiple distributed generation and battery swapping stations using grasshopper optimizer algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 408-421.
    17. Zhang, Qi & Tezuka, Tetsuo & Ishihara, Keiichi N. & Mclellan, Benjamin C., 2012. "Integration of PV power into future low-carbon smart electricity systems with EV and HP in Kansai Area, Japan," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 99-108.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Mike F. Voss & Steven P. Haveman & Gerrit Maarten Bonnema, 2021. "In-Company Smart Charging: Development of a Simulation Model to Facilitate a Smart EV Charging System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-34, October.
    2. Peter Tauš & Marcela Taušová & Peter Sivák & Mária Shejbalová Muchová & Eva Mihaliková, 2020. "Parameter Optimization Model Photovoltaic Battery System for Charging Electric Cars," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-17, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Oussama Ouramdane & Elhoussin Elbouchikhi & Yassine Amirat & Ehsan Sedgh Gooya, 2021. "Optimal Sizing and Energy Management of Microgrids with Vehicle-to-Grid Technology: A Critical Review and Future Trends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-45, July.
    2. Gönül, Ömer & Duman, A. Can & Güler, Önder, 2021. "Electric vehicles and charging infrastructure in Turkey: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    3. Rahman, Imran & Vasant, Pandian M. & Singh, Balbir Singh Mahinder & Abdullah-Al-Wadud, M. & Adnan, Nadia, 2016. "Review of recent trends in optimization techniques for plug-in hybrid, and electric vehicle charging infrastructures," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1039-1047.
    4. Khardenavis, Amaiya & Hewage, Kasun & Perera, Piyaruwan & Shotorbani, Amin Mohammadpour & Sadiq, Rehan, 2021. "Mobile energy hub planning for complex urban networks: A robust optimization approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
    5. Haupt, Leon & Schöpf, Michael & Wederhake, Lars & Weibelzahl, Martin, 2020. "The influence of electric vehicle charging strategies on the sizing of electrical energy storage systems in charging hub microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    6. Gaizka Saldaña & Jose Ignacio San Martin & Inmaculada Zamora & Francisco Javier Asensio & Oier Oñederra, 2019. "Electric Vehicle into the Grid: Charging Methodologies Aimed at Providing Ancillary Services Considering Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-37, June.
    7. Drude, Lukas & Pereira Junior, Luiz Carlos & Rüther, Ricardo, 2014. "Photovoltaics (PV) and electric vehicle-to-grid (V2G) strategies for peak demand reduction in urban regions in Brazil in a smart grid environment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 443-451.
    8. Sevdari, Kristian & Calearo, Lisa & Andersen, Peter Bach & Marinelli, Mattia, 2022. "Ancillary services and electric vehicles: An overview from charging clusters and chargers technology perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    9. Nnaemeka Vincent Emodi & Scott Dwyer & Kriti Nagrath & John Alabi, 2022. "Electromobility in Australia: Tariff Design Structure and Consumer Preferences for Mobile Distributed Energy Storage," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
    10. Asaad Mohammad & Ramon Zamora & Tek Tjing Lie, 2020. "Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Distribution Network: A Review of PV Based Electric Vehicle Modelling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-20, September.
    11. Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Kester, Johannes & Noel, Lance & Zarazua de Rubens, Gerardo, 2020. "Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    12. Rahman, Syed & Khan, Irfan Ahmed & Khan, Ashraf Ali & Mallik, Ayan & Nadeem, Muhammad Faisal, 2022. "Comprehensive review & impact analysis of integrating projected electric vehicle charging load to the existing low voltage distribution system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    13. van der Kam, Mart & van Sark, Wilfried, 2015. "Smart charging of electric vehicles with photovoltaic power and vehicle-to-grid technology in a microgrid; a case study," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 20-30.
    14. Shepero, Mahmoud & Munkhammar, Joakim & Widén, Joakim & Bishop, Justin D.K. & Boström, Tobias, 2018. "Modeling of photovoltaic power generation and electric vehicles charging on city-scale: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 61-71.
    15. Hoarau, Quentin & Perez, Yannick, 2018. "Interactions between electric mobility and photovoltaic generation: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 510-522.
    16. Shaukat, N. & Khan, B. & Ali, S.M. & Mehmood, C.A. & Khan, J. & Farid, U. & Majid, M. & Anwar, S.M. & Jawad, M. & Ullah, Z., 2018. "A survey on electric vehicle transportation within smart grid system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1329-1349.
    17. Geske, Joachim & Schumann, Diana, 2018. "Willing to participate in vehicle-to-grid (V2G)? Why not!," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 392-401.
    18. Papachristos, George, 2017. "Diversity in technology competition: The link between platforms and sociotechnical transitions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 291-306.
    19. George Baure & Matthieu Dubarry, 2020. "Durability and Reliability of EV Batteries under Electric Utility Grid Operations: Impact of Frequency Regulation Usage on Cell Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-11, May.
    20. Stef Proost & Mads Greaker & Cathrine Hagem, 2019. "Vehicle-to-Grid. Impacts on the electricity market and consumer cost of electric vehicles," Discussion Papers 903, Statistics Norway, Research Department.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:12:p:3083-:d:371649. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.