IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v12y2019i19p3775-d273452.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Energy Consumption Analysis and Characterization of Healthcare Facilities in the United States

Author

Listed:
  • Khaled Bawaneh

    (Department of Engineering & Technology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA)

  • Farnaz Ghazi Nezami

    (Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504, USA)

  • Md. Rasheduzzaman

    (Department of Engineering & Technology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA)

  • Brad Deken

    (Department of Engineering & Technology, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA)

Abstract

Healthcare facilities in the United States account for 4.8% of the total area in the commercial sector and are responsible for 10.3% of total energy consumption in this sector. The number of healthcare facilities increased by 22% since 2003, leading to a 21% rise in energy consumption and an 8% reduction in energy intensity per unit of area (544.8 kWh/m 2 ). This study provides an analytical overview of the end-use energy consumption data in healthcare systems for hospitals in the United States. The energy intensity of the U.S. hospitals ranges from 640.7 kWh/m 2 in Zone 5 (very hot) to 781.1 kWh/m 2 in Zone 1 (very cold), with an average of 738.5 kWh/m 2 . This is approximately 2.6 times higher than that of other commercial buildings. High energy intensity in the healthcare facilities, particularly in hospitals, along with energy costs and associated environmental concerns make energy analysis crucial for this type of facility. The proposed analysis shows that U.S. healthcare facilities have higher energy intensity than those of most other countries, especially the European ones. This necessitates the adoption of more energy-efficient approaches to the infrastructure and the management of healthcare facilities in the United States.

Suggested Citation

  • Khaled Bawaneh & Farnaz Ghazi Nezami & Md. Rasheduzzaman & Brad Deken, 2019. "Energy Consumption Analysis and Characterization of Healthcare Facilities in the United States," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-20, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:19:p:3775-:d:273452
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/19/3775/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/19/3775/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chung, Mo & Park, Hwa-Choon, 2015. "Comparison of building energy demand for hotels, hospitals, and offices in Korea," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(P3), pages 383-393.
    2. Chirarattananon, S. & Chaiwiwatworakul, P. & Hien, V.D. & Rakkwamsuk, P. & Kubaha, K., 2010. "Assessment of energy savings from the revised building energy code of Thailand," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 1741-1753.
    3. Saidur, R. & Hasanuzzaman, M. & Yogeswaran, S. & Mohammed, H.A. & Hossain, M.S., 2010. "An end-use energy analysis in a Malaysian public hospital," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(12), pages 4780-4785.
    4. Brown, L.H. & Buettner, P.G. & Canyon, D.V., 2012. "The energy burden and environmental impact of health services," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(12), pages 76-82.
    5. Buonomano, Annamaria & Calise, Francesco & Ferruzzi, Gabriele & Palombo, Adolfo, 2014. "Dynamic energy performance analysis: Case study for energy efficiency retrofits of hospital buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 555-572.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Fan, Yee Van & Jiang, Peng, 2020. "The energy and environmental footprints of COVID-19 fighting measures – PPE, disinfection, supply chains," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    2. Ashraf Balabel & Mamdooh Alwetaishi, 2021. "Toward Sustainable Healthcare Facilities: An Initiative for Development of “Mostadam-HCF” Rating System in Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-15, June.
    3. Chro Hama Radha, 2023. "Retrofitting for Improving Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in the Hospital Building," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-20, February.
    4. Atienza-Márquez, Antonio & Domínguez Muñoz, Fernando & Fernández Hernández, Francisco & Cejudo López, José Manuel, 2022. "Domestic hot water production system in a hospital: Energy audit and evaluation of measures to boost the solar contribution," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    5. Paraskevi N. Zaza & Anastasios Sepetis & Pantelis G. Bagos, 2022. "Prediction and Optimization of the Cost of Energy Resources in Greek Public Hospitals," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-14, January.
    6. Małgorzata Cygańska & Magdalena Kludacz-Alessandri, 2024. "Energy Consumption Trends and Determinants in Polish Hospitals: Implications for Energy Efficiency Strategies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-17, October.
    7. Gautier, Antoine & Wetter, Michael & Sulzer, Matthias, 2022. "Resilient cooling through geothermal district energy system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    8. Shouib Mabdeh & Hikmat Ali & Magd Al-Momani, 2022. "Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Retrofit Measures in Existing Healthcare Facility Buildings: The case of Developing Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(6), pages 418-431, November.
    9. Dimitrios K. Panagiotou & Anastasios I. Dounis, 2023. "An ANFIS-Fuzzy Tree-GA Model for a Hospital’s Electricity Purchasing Decision-Making Process Integrated with Virtual Cost Concept," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-21, May.
    10. Małgorzata Cygańska & Magdalena Kludacz-Alessandri, 2021. "Determinants of Electrical and Thermal Energy Consumption in Hospitals According to Climate Zones in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-24, November.
    11. John Vourdoubas, 2022. "Possibility of Using Fuel Cells for Co-generation of Heat and Power in Venizelio Hospital in Crete, Greece," Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Macrothink Institute, vol. 11(1), pages 51-61, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Louise Sawyer & Simon Kemp & Patrick James & Michael Harper, 2021. "Assessment of a Nurse Led Energy Behavior Change Intervention in an NHS Community Hospital Ward," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-17, October.
    2. Capozzoli, Alfonso & Piscitelli, Marco Savino & Neri, Francesco & Grassi, Daniele & Serale, Gianluca, 2016. "A novel methodology for energy performance benchmarking of buildings by means of Linear Mixed Effect Model: The case of space and DHW heating of out-patient Healthcare Centres," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 592-607.
    3. Barbetta, Gian Paolo & Canino, Paolo & Cima, Stefano, 2015. "The impact of energy audits on energy efficiency investment of public owners. Evidence from Italy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 93(P1), pages 1199-1209.
    4. Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Fan, Yee Van & Jiang, Peng, 2020. "The energy and environmental footprints of COVID-19 fighting measures – PPE, disinfection, supply chains," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    5. Ascione, Fabrizio & Bianco, Nicola & De Stasio, Claudio & Mauro, Gerardo Maria & Vanoli, Giuseppe Peter, 2016. "Multi-stage and multi-objective optimization for energy retrofitting a developed hospital reference building: A new approach to assess cost-optimality," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 37-68.
    6. Maria Psillaki & Nikolaos Apostolopoulos & Ilias Makris & Panagiotis Liargovas & Sotiris Apostolopoulos & Panos Dimitrakopoulos & George Sklias, 2023. "Hospitals’ Energy Efficiency in the Perspective of Saving Resources and Providing Quality Services through Technological Options: A Systematic Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-21, January.
    7. Brown, Lawrence H. & Blanchard, Ian E., 2012. "Energy, emissions and emergency medical services: Policy matters," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 585-593.
    8. Małgorzata Cygańska & Magdalena Kludacz-Alessandri, 2021. "Determinants of Electrical and Thermal Energy Consumption in Hospitals According to Climate Zones in Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-24, November.
    9. Muthu Kumaran Gunasegaran & Md Hasanuzzaman & ChiaKwang Tan & Ab Halim Abu Bakar & Vignes Ponniah, 2022. "Energy Analysis, Building Energy Index and Energy Management Strategies for Fast-Food Restaurants in Malaysia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-18, October.
    10. Calise, Francesco & Dentice d'Accadia, Massimo & Libertini, Luigi & Quiriti, Edoardo & Vicidomini, Maria, 2017. "A novel tool for thermoeconomic analysis and optimization of trigeneration systems: A case study for a hospital building in Italy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 64-87.
    11. Thirugnanasambandam, M. & Hasanuzzaman, M. & Saidur, R. & Ali, M.B. & Rajakarunakaran, S. & Devaraj, D. & Rahim, N.A., 2011. "Analysis of electrical motors load factors and energy savings in an Indian cement industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(7), pages 4307-4314.
    12. Franzitta, Vincenzo & La Gennusa, Maria & Peri, Giorgia & Rizzo, Gianfranco & Scaccianoce, Gianluca, 2011. "Toward a European Eco-label brand for residential buildings: Holistic or by-components approaches?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1884-1892.
    13. Sulaima, Mohamad Fani & Dahlan, Nofri Yenita & Yasin, Zuhaila Mat & Rosli, Marlinda Mohd & Omar, Zulkiflee & Hassan, Mohammad Yusri, 2019. "A review of electricity pricing in peninsular Malaysia: Empirical investigation about the appropriateness of Enhanced Time of Use (ETOU) electricity tariff," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 348-367.
    14. Jeong, Jaehui & Jung, Han Sol & Lee, Jae Won & Kang, Yong Tae, 2023. "Hybrid cooling and heating absorption heat pump cycle with thermal energy storage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    15. Saidur, R. & Hossain, M.S. & Islam, M.R. & Fayaz, H. & Mohammed, H.A., 2011. "A review on kiln system modeling," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(5), pages 2487-2500, June.
    16. Min, Haye & Choi, Hyung Won & Jeong, Jaehui & Jeong, Jinhee & Kim, Young & Kang, Yong Tae, 2023. "Daily sorption thermal battery cycle for building applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    17. Calise, Francesco & Dentice d'Accadia, Massimo & Figaj, Rafal Damian & Vanoli, Laura, 2016. "A novel solar-assisted heat pump driven by photovoltaic/thermal collectors: Dynamic simulation and thermoeconomic optimization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 346-366.
    18. Isa, Normazlina Mat & Das, Himadry Shekhar & Tan, Chee Wei & Yatim, A.H.M. & Lau, Kwan Yiew, 2016. "A techno-economic assessment of a combined heat and power photovoltaic/fuel cell/battery energy system in Malaysia hospital," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 75-90.
    19. Christin Seifert & Edeltraud Guenther, 2020. "Who cares?—Stakeholder relevance for voluntary environmental management in hospitals," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 27(4), pages 1786-1799, July.
    20. Justo Garcia-Sanz-Calcedo & Fernando Lopez-Rodriguez & Talal Yusaf & Awf Al-Kassir, 2017. "Analysis of the Average Annual Consumption of Water in the Hospitals of Extremadura (Spain)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-10, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:19:p:3775-:d:273452. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.