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Analysis of the Average Annual Consumption of Water in the Hospitals of Extremadura (Spain)

Author

Listed:
  • Justo Garcia-Sanz-Calcedo

    (Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain)

  • Fernando Lopez-Rodriguez

    (Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain)

  • Talal Yusaf

    (University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba, 4350, Australia)

  • Awf Al-Kassir

    (Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain)

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to quantity the annual average consumption of water in 13 public hospitals in Extremadura (Spain). An analytical study in order to reduce water demand was conducted from 2010 to 2014 in the above-mentioned hospitals. The study concluded that, in order to determine the average annual water consumption, a fixed ratio is not the appropriate tool. A parametric type related to the built surface area and/or number of beds by hospital should be used instead. The average annual consumption of cold water for human consumption (CWHC) was 262.82 m3 (102.10) per bed and 1.65 m3 (0.46) per built surface area. The mean annual consumption of domestic hot water (DHW) was 92.96 m3 (35.72) per bed and 0.59 m3 (0.18) per built surface area. The ratio between DHW and CWHC was 35.62% (5.53). The time period of greatest demand was between 12 p.m. and 6 p.m. Considering B as the number of hospital beds and S its built surface area, to calculate the average annual cold water for human consumption in a hospital, the equation 165B + 12,100 (m3) or 1.568S + 2400 (m3) should be used. Similarly, in terms of hot domestic water, the average annual consumption in m3 corresponds to either 53.65B + 5170 (m3) or 0.53S + 1400 (m3).

Suggested Citation

  • Justo Garcia-Sanz-Calcedo & Fernando Lopez-Rodriguez & Talal Yusaf & Awf Al-Kassir, 2017. "Analysis of the Average Annual Consumption of Water in the Hospitals of Extremadura (Spain)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-10, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:4:p:479-:d:94869
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Juan-Carlos Fraile & Julio San-José & Ana González-Alonso, 2014. "A Boiler Room in a 600-Bed Hospital Complex: Study, Analysis, and Implementation of Energy Efficiency Improvements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(5), pages 1-22, May.
    2. Brown, L.H. & Buettner, P.G. & Canyon, D.V., 2012. "The energy burden and environmental impact of health services," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 102(12), pages 76-82.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Christin Seifert & Edeltraud Guenther, 2019. "Prevention is better than cure—Environmental management measures in hospitals," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(4), pages 781-790, July.
    2. Atienza-Márquez, Antonio & Domínguez Muñoz, Fernando & Fernández Hernández, Francisco & Cejudo López, José Manuel, 2022. "Domestic hot water production system in a hospital: Energy audit and evaluation of measures to boost the solar contribution," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    3. Domenico Mazzeo & Cristina Baglivo & Simone Panico & Matteo Manieri & Nicoletta Matera & Paolo Maria Congedo, 2023. "Eco-Sustainable Energy Production in Healthcare: Trends and Challenges in Renewable Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-20, October.
    4. Alfonso González González & Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo & David Rodríguez Salgado, 2018. "Quantitative Determination of Potable Cold Water Consumption in German Hospitals," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-13, March.
    5. Gonzalo Sánchez-Barroso & Jaime González-Domínguez & Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo, 2020. "Potential Savings in DHW Facilities through the Use of Solar Thermal Energy in the Hospitals of Extremadura (Spain)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-16, April.

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