IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v12y2019i10p2020-d234531.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Measured Performance of a Mixed-Use Commercial-Building Ground Source Heat Pump System in Sweden

Author

Listed:
  • Jeffrey D. Spitler

    (School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA)

  • Signhild Gehlin

    (Swedish Geoenergy Center, Västergatan 11, 221 04 Lund, Sweden)

Abstract

When the new student center at Stockholm University in Sweden was completed in the fall of 2013 it was thoroughly instrumented. The 6300 m 2 four-story building with offices, a restaurant, study lounges, and meeting rooms was designed to be energy efficient with a planned total energy use of 25 kWh/m 2 /year. Space heating and hot water are provided by a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system consisting of five 40 kW off-the-shelf water-to-water heat pumps connected to 20 boreholes in hard rock, drilled to a depth of 200 m. Space cooling is provided by direct cooling from the boreholes. This paper uses measured performance data from Studenthuset to calculate the actual thermal performance of the GSHP system during one of its early years of operation. Monthly system coefficients-of-performance and coefficients-of-performance for both heating and cooling operation are presented. In the first months of operation, several problems were corrected, leading to improved performance. This paper provides long-term measured system performance data from a recently installed GSHP system, shows how the various system components affect the performance, presents an uncertainty analysis, and describes how some unanticipated consequences of the design may be ameliorated. Seasonal performance factors (SPF) are evaluated based on the SEPEMO (“SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems”) boundary schema. For heating (“H”), SPFs of 3.7 ± 0.2 and 2.7 ± 0.13 were obtained for boundaries H2 and H3, respectively. For cooling (“C”), a C2 SPF of 27 ± 5 was obtained. Results are compared to measured performance data from 55 GSHP systems serving commercial buildings that are reported in the literature.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeffrey D. Spitler & Signhild Gehlin, 2019. "Measured Performance of a Mixed-Use Commercial-Building Ground Source Heat Pump System in Sweden," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-34, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:10:p:2020-:d:234531
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/10/2020/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/10/2020/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Naicker, Selvaraj S. & Rees, Simon J., 2018. "Performance analysis of a large geothermal heating and cooling system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 429-442.
    2. Hwang, Yujin & Lee, Jae-Keun & Jeong, Young-Man & Koo, Kyung-Min & Lee, Dong-Hyuk & Kim, In-Kyu & Jin, Sim-Won & Kim, Soo H., 2009. "Cooling performance of a vertical ground-coupled heat pump system installed in a school building," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 578-582.
    3. Fuentes, E. & Waddicor, D.A. & Salom, J., 2016. "Improvements in the characterization of the efficiency degradation of water-to-water heat pumps under cyclic conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 778-789.
    4. Menezes, Anna Carolina & Cripps, Andrew & Bouchlaghem, Dino & Buswell, Richard, 2012. "Predicted vs. actual energy performance of non-domestic buildings: Using post-occupancy evaluation data to reduce the performance gap," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 355-364.
    5. Carvalho, Anabela Duarte & Mendrinos, Dimitris & De Almeida, Anibal T., 2015. "Ground source heat pump carbon emissions and primary energy reduction potential for heating in buildings in Europe—results of a case study in Portugal," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 755-768.
    6. Walter, Travis & Sohn, Michael D., 2016. "A regression-based approach to estimating retrofit savings using the Building Performance Database," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 996-1005.
    7. Kontokosta, Constantine E. & Tull, Christopher, 2017. "A data-driven predictive model of city-scale energy use in buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 303-317.
    8. Mathew, Paul A. & Dunn, Laurel N. & Sohn, Michael D. & Mercado, Andrea & Custudio, Claudine & Walter, Travis, 2015. "Big-data for building energy performance: Lessons from assembling a very large national database of building energy use," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 85-93.
    9. Michopoulos, A. & Zachariadis, T. & Kyriakis, N., 2013. "Operation characteristics and experience of a ground source heat pump system with a vertical ground heat exchanger," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 349-357.
    10. Li, Cheng & Hong, Tianzhen & Yan, Da, 2014. "An insight into actual energy use and its drivers in high-performance buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 394-410.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Arghand, Taha & Javed, Saqib & Dalenbäck, Jan-Olof, 2023. "Combining direct ground cooling with ground-source heat pumps and district heating: Energy and economic analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    2. Luo, Jin & Zhang, Qi & Liang, Changming & Wang, Haiqi & Ma, Xinning, 2023. "An overview of the recent development of the Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system in China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 269-279.
    3. Hauke F. Deeken & Alexandra Lengling & Manuel S. Krommweh & Wolfgang Büscher, 2023. "Improvement of Piglet Rearing’s Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Using Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers—A Two-Year Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-30, February.
    4. Yapeng Ren & Xinli Lu & Wei Zhang & Jiaqi Zhang & Jiali Liu & Feng Ma & Zhiwei Cui & Hao Yu & Tianji Zhu & Yalin Zhang, 2022. "Preliminary Study on Optimization of a Geothermal Heating System Coupled with Energy Storage for Office Building Heating in North China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-23, November.
    5. Hao Liu & Hongyi Zhang & Saqib Javed, 2020. "Long-Term Performance Measurement and Analysis of a Small-Scale Ground Source Heat Pump System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-30, September.
    6. Liu, Xin & Zuo, Yuning & Yin, Zekai & Liang, Chuanzhi & Feng, Guohui & Yang, Xiaodan, 2023. "Research on an evaluation system of the application effect of ground source heat pump systems for green buildings in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    7. Oleg Todorov & Kari Alanne & Markku Virtanen & Risto Kosonen, 2021. "A Novel Data Management Methodology and Case Study for Monitoring and Performance Analysis of Large-Scale Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) and Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-25, March.
    8. Simone Mancin & Marco Noro, 2020. "Reversible Heat Pump Coupled with Ground Ice Storage for Annual Air Conditioning: An Energy Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-16, November.
    9. Franziska Bockelmann & M. Norbert Fisch, 2019. "It Works—Long-Term Performance Measurement and Optimization of Six Ground Source Heat Pump Systems in Germany," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-22, December.
    10. Hongkyo Kim & Yujin Nam & Sangmu Bae & Jae Sang Choi & Sang Bum Kim, 2020. "A Study on the Effect of Performance Factor on GSHP System through Real-Scale Experiments in Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-18, January.
    11. Aminhossein Jahanbin & Claudia Naldi & Enzo Zanchini, 2020. "Relation Between Mean Fluid Temperature and Outlet Temperature for Single U-Tube Boreholes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, February.
    12. Claudia Naldi & Enzo Zanchini, 2019. "Full-Time-Scale Fluid-to-Ground Thermal Response of a Borefield with Uniform Fluid Temperature," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-18, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zhong, Shengyuan & Zhao, Jun & Li, Wenjia & Li, Hao & Deng, Shuai & Li, Yang & Hussain, Sajjad & Wang, Xiaoyuan & Zhu, Jiebei, 2021. "Quantitative analysis of information interaction in building energy systems based on mutual information," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    2. Chul-Ho Kim & Seung-Eon Lee & Kang-Soo Kim, 2018. "Analysis of Energy Saving Potential in High-Performance Building Technologies under Korean Climatic Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-34, April.
    3. Ahn, Jonghoon & Cho, Soolyeon & Chung, Dae Hun, 2016. "Development of a statistical analysis model to benchmark the energy use intensity of subway stations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 488-496.
    4. Martin Eriksson & Jan Akander & Bahram Moshfegh, 2022. "Investigating Energy Use in a City District in Nordic Climate Using Energy Signature," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-22, March.
    5. Roth, Jonathan & Lim, Benjamin & Jain, Rishee K. & Grueneich, Dian, 2020. "Examining the feasibility of using open data to benchmark building energy usage in cities: A data science and policy perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    6. Bianchi, Carlo & Zhang, Liang & Goldwasser, David & Parker, Andrew & Horsey, Henry, 2020. "Modeling occupancy-driven building loads for large and diversified building stocks through the use of parametric schedules," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    7. Ardeshir Mahdavi & Christiane Berger & Hadeer Amin & Eleni Ampatzi & Rune Korsholm Andersen & Elie Azar & Verena M. Barthelmes & Matteo Favero & Jakob Hahn & Dolaana Khovalyg & Henrik N. Knudsen & Ale, 2021. "The Role of Occupants in Buildings’ Energy Performance Gap: Myth or Reality?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-44, March.
    8. Zhang, Shuyang & Zhang, Lun & Zhang, Xiaosong, 2022. "Clustering based on dynamic time warping to extract typical daily patterns from long-term operation data of a ground source heat pump system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    9. Wang, Xia & Feng, Wei & Cai, Weiguang & Ren, Hong & Ding, Chao & Zhou, Nan, 2019. "Do residential building energy efficiency standards reduce energy consumption in China? – A data-driven method to validate the actual performance of building energy efficiency standards," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 82-98.
    10. Grillone, Benedetto & Danov, Stoyan & Sumper, Andreas & Cipriano, Jordi & Mor, Gerard, 2020. "A review of deterministic and data-driven methods to quantify energy efficiency savings and to predict retrofitting scenarios in buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    11. Azar, Elie & Al Ansari, Hamad, 2017. "Framework to investigate energy conservation motivation and actions of building occupants: The case of a green campus in Abu Dhabi, UAE," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 563-573.
    12. Hong, Tianzhen & Piette, Mary Ann & Chen, Yixing & Lee, Sang Hoon & Taylor-Lange, Sarah C. & Zhang, Rongpeng & Sun, Kaiyu & Price, Phillip, 2015. "Commercial Building Energy Saver: An energy retrofit analysis toolkit," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 298-309.
    13. Chaudhary, Gaurav & New, Joshua & Sanyal, Jibonananda & Im, Piljae & O’Neill, Zheng & Garg, Vishal, 2016. "Evaluation of “Autotune” calibration against manual calibration of building energy models," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 115-134.
    14. Liu, Xue & Ding, Yong & Tang, Hao & Fan, Lingxiao & Lv, Jie, 2022. "Investigating the effects of key drivers on energy consumption of nonresidential buildings: A data-driven approach integrating regularization and quantile regression," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PA).
    15. Wang, Wei & Hong, Tianzhen & Xu, Xiaodong & Chen, Jiayu & Liu, Ziang & Xu, Ning, 2019. "Forecasting district-scale energy dynamics through integrating building network and long short-term memory learning algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C), pages 217-230.
    16. Xu, Xiaoxiao & Yu, Hao & Sun, Qiuwen & Tam, Vivian W.Y., 2023. "A critical review of occupant energy consumption behavior in buildings: How we got here, where we are, and where we are headed," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    17. Shen, Meng & Lu, Yujie & Wei, Kua Harn & Cui, Qingbin, 2020. "Prediction of household electricity consumption and effectiveness of concerted intervention strategies based on occupant behaviour and personality traits," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    18. Khayatian, Fazel & Sarto, Luca & Dall'O', Giuliano, 2017. "Building energy retrofit index for policy making and decision support at regional and national scales," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1062-1075.
    19. Jing, Gang & Cai, Wenjian & Zhang, Xin & Cui, Can & Yin, Xiaohong & Xian, Huacai, 2019. "An energy-saving oriented air balancing strategy for multi-zone demand-controlled ventilation system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 1053-1065.
    20. Kim, Min-Hwi & Kim, Deukwon & Heo, Jaehyeok & Lee, Dong-Won, 2020. "Energy performance investigation of net plus energy town: Energy balance of the Jincheon Eco-Friendly energy town," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 1784-1800.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:10:p:2020-:d:234531. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.