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Measured Performance of a Mixed-Use Commercial-Building Ground Source Heat Pump System in Sweden

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  • Jeffrey D. Spitler

    (School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA)

  • Signhild Gehlin

    (Swedish Geoenergy Center, Västergatan 11, 221 04 Lund, Sweden)

Abstract

When the new student center at Stockholm University in Sweden was completed in the fall of 2013 it was thoroughly instrumented. The 6300 m 2 four-story building with offices, a restaurant, study lounges, and meeting rooms was designed to be energy efficient with a planned total energy use of 25 kWh/m 2 /year. Space heating and hot water are provided by a ground source heat pump (GSHP) system consisting of five 40 kW off-the-shelf water-to-water heat pumps connected to 20 boreholes in hard rock, drilled to a depth of 200 m. Space cooling is provided by direct cooling from the boreholes. This paper uses measured performance data from Studenthuset to calculate the actual thermal performance of the GSHP system during one of its early years of operation. Monthly system coefficients-of-performance and coefficients-of-performance for both heating and cooling operation are presented. In the first months of operation, several problems were corrected, leading to improved performance. This paper provides long-term measured system performance data from a recently installed GSHP system, shows how the various system components affect the performance, presents an uncertainty analysis, and describes how some unanticipated consequences of the design may be ameliorated. Seasonal performance factors (SPF) are evaluated based on the SEPEMO (“SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems”) boundary schema. For heating (“H”), SPFs of 3.7 ± 0.2 and 2.7 ± 0.13 were obtained for boundaries H2 and H3, respectively. For cooling (“C”), a C2 SPF of 27 ± 5 was obtained. Results are compared to measured performance data from 55 GSHP systems serving commercial buildings that are reported in the literature.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeffrey D. Spitler & Signhild Gehlin, 2019. "Measured Performance of a Mixed-Use Commercial-Building Ground Source Heat Pump System in Sweden," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-34, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:10:p:2020-:d:234531
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Arghand, Taha & Javed, Saqib & Dalenbäck, Jan-Olof, 2023. "Combining direct ground cooling with ground-source heat pumps and district heating: Energy and economic analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    2. Luo, Jin & Zhang, Qi & Liang, Changming & Wang, Haiqi & Ma, Xinning, 2023. "An overview of the recent development of the Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system in China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 269-279.
    3. Hauke F. Deeken & Alexandra Lengling & Manuel S. Krommweh & Wolfgang Büscher, 2023. "Improvement of Piglet Rearing’s Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Using Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers—A Two-Year Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-30, February.
    4. Yapeng Ren & Xinli Lu & Wei Zhang & Jiaqi Zhang & Jiali Liu & Feng Ma & Zhiwei Cui & Hao Yu & Tianji Zhu & Yalin Zhang, 2022. "Preliminary Study on Optimization of a Geothermal Heating System Coupled with Energy Storage for Office Building Heating in North China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-23, November.
    5. Hao Liu & Hongyi Zhang & Saqib Javed, 2020. "Long-Term Performance Measurement and Analysis of a Small-Scale Ground Source Heat Pump System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-30, September.
    6. Liu, Xin & Zuo, Yuning & Yin, Zekai & Liang, Chuanzhi & Feng, Guohui & Yang, Xiaodan, 2023. "Research on an evaluation system of the application effect of ground source heat pump systems for green buildings in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PA).
    7. Oleg Todorov & Kari Alanne & Markku Virtanen & Risto Kosonen, 2021. "A Novel Data Management Methodology and Case Study for Monitoring and Performance Analysis of Large-Scale Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) and Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-25, March.
    8. Simone Mancin & Marco Noro, 2020. "Reversible Heat Pump Coupled with Ground Ice Storage for Annual Air Conditioning: An Energy Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-16, November.
    9. Franziska Bockelmann & M. Norbert Fisch, 2019. "It Works—Long-Term Performance Measurement and Optimization of Six Ground Source Heat Pump Systems in Germany," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-22, December.
    10. Hongkyo Kim & Yujin Nam & Sangmu Bae & Jae Sang Choi & Sang Bum Kim, 2020. "A Study on the Effect of Performance Factor on GSHP System through Real-Scale Experiments in Korea," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-18, January.
    11. Aminhossein Jahanbin & Claudia Naldi & Enzo Zanchini, 2020. "Relation Between Mean Fluid Temperature and Outlet Temperature for Single U-Tube Boreholes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, February.
    12. Claudia Naldi & Enzo Zanchini, 2019. "Full-Time-Scale Fluid-to-Ground Thermal Response of a Borefield with Uniform Fluid Temperature," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-18, September.

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