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Frequency Regulation Strategies in Grid Integrated Offshore Wind Turbines via VSC-HVDC Technology: A Review

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  • Jafar Jallad

    (Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
    Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Saad Mekhilef

    (Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Hazlie Mokhlis

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

Abstract

The inclusion of wind energy in a power system network is currently seeing a significant increase. However, this inclusion has resulted in degradation of the inertia response, which in turn seriously affects the stability of the power system’s frequency. This problem can be solved by using an active power reserve to stabilize the frequency within an allowable limit in the event of a sudden load increment or the loss of generators. Active power reserves can be utilized via three approaches: (1) de-loading method (pitching or over-speeding) by a variable speed wind turbine (VSWT); (2) stored energy in the capacitors of voltage source converter-high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transmission; and (3) coordination of frequency regulation between the offshore wind farms and the VSC-HVDC transmission. This paper reviews the solutions that can be used to overcome problems related to the frequency stability of grid- integrated offshore wind turbines. It also details the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) with full-scale back to back (B2B) converters, its corresponding control strategies, and a typical VSC-HVDC system with an associated control system. The control methods, both on the levels of a wind turbine and the VSC-HVDC system that participate in a system’s primary frequency control and emulation inertia, are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Jafar Jallad & Saad Mekhilef & Hazlie Mokhlis, 2017. "Frequency Regulation Strategies in Grid Integrated Offshore Wind Turbines via VSC-HVDC Technology: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-29, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:9:p:1244-:d:109418
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Perveen, Rehana & Kishor, Nand & Mohanty, Soumya R., 2014. "Off-shore wind farm development: Present status and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 780-792.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yekui Chang & Rao Liu & Yu Ba & Weidong Li, 2018. "A New Control Logic for a Wind-Area on the Balancing Authority Area Control Error Limit Standard for Load Frequency Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-20, January.
    2. Andrés Peña Asensio & Santiago Arnaltes Gómez & Jose Luis Rodriguez-Amenedo & Manuel García Plaza & Joaquín Eloy-García Carrasco & Jaime Manuel Alonso-Martínez de las Morenas, 2018. "A Voltage and Frequency Control Strategy for Stand-Alone Full Converter Wind Energy Conversion Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-19, February.
    3. Ana Fernández-Guillamón & Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez & Emilio Gómez-Lázaro & Ángel Molina-García, 2018. "Fast Power Reserve Emulation Strategy for VSWT Supporting Frequency Control in Multi-Area Power Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-20, October.
    4. Hooman Ghaffarzadeh & Ali Mehrizi-Sani, 2020. "Review of Control Techniques for Wind Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-19, December.
    5. Yuhong Wang & Jie Zhu & Qi Zeng & Zongsheng Zheng & Guangyuan Yu & Aihui Yin, 2021. "Frequency Coordinated Control Strategy for an HVDC Sending-End System with Wind Power Integration Based on Fuzzy Logic Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-25, September.
    6. Jelena Stojković & Aleksandra Lekić & Predrag Stefanov, 2020. "Adaptive Control of HVDC Links for Frequency Stability Enhancement in Low-Inertia Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-20, November.

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