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Organic Cultivation of Tomato in India with Recycled Slaughterhouse Wastes: Evaluation of Fertilizer and Fruit Safety

Author

Listed:
  • Malancha Roy

    (School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India)

  • Rimi Das

    (School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India)

  • Amit Kundu

    (Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India)

  • Sanmoy Karmakar

    (Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India)

  • Satadal Das

    (Peerless Hospital and B K Roy Research Center, Kolkata 700094, India)

  • Pradip Kumar Sen

    (Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India)

  • Anupam Debsarcar

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India)

  • Joydeep Mukherjee

    (School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India)

Abstract

Environmental and health safety of recycled slaughterhouse wastes-derived fertilizer and the produce obtained through its application is not well understood. Waste bovine blood and rumen digesta were mixed, cooked and sun-dried to obtain bovine-blood-and-rumen-digesta-mixture (BBRDM, NPK 30.36:1:5.75). 1.26 ± 0.18 log CFU mL ?1 fecal coliforms were recovered in BBRDM. E. coli O157:H7, Mycobacteria, Clostridium sp., Salmonella sp., Bacillus sp. and Brucella sp. were absent. No re-growth of pathogens was observed after 60 days storage in sealed bags and in the open. However, prions and viruses were not evaluated. Heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, As, Ni, Mn) concentrations in BBRDM were within internationally permissible limits. BBRDM was applied for field cultivation of tomato during 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. Lycopene and nitrate contents of BBRDM-grown tomatoes were higher than Diammonium phosphate (DAP) + potash-grown tomatoes because BBRDM supplied 2.5 times more the amount of nitrogen than DAP (NPK 18:46:0) + potash (NPK 0:0:44). Heavy metals and nitrate/nitrite concentrations in tomatoes were within internationally acceptable limits. BBRDM-grown tomatoes showed no mutagenic activity in the Ames test. Sub-acute toxicity tests on Wistar rats fed with BBRDM-grown tomatoes did not show adverse clinical picture. Thus, no immediate environmental or health risks associated with BBRDM and the tomatoes produced were identified.

Suggested Citation

  • Malancha Roy & Rimi Das & Amit Kundu & Sanmoy Karmakar & Satadal Das & Pradip Kumar Sen & Anupam Debsarcar & Joydeep Mukherjee, 2015. "Organic Cultivation of Tomato in India with Recycled Slaughterhouse Wastes: Evaluation of Fertilizer and Fruit Safety," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 5(3), pages 1-31, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jagris:v:5:y:2015:i:3:p:826-856:d:55862
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Franken, Jason R.V. & Cook, Michael L., 2015. "Investment Constraints in Agricultural Cooperatives," 2015 AAEA & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, July 26-28, San Francisco, California 205427, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    2. Verena Seufert & Navin Ramankutty & Jonathan A. Foley, 2012. "Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture," Nature, Nature, vol. 485(7397), pages 229-232, May.
    3. Oecd, 2015. "Regional trade agreements and agriculture," OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers 79, OECD Publishing.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ankita Bhowmik & Shantanu Bhunia & Anupam Debsarkar & Rambilash Mallick & Malancha Roy & Joydeep Mukherjee, 2021. "Development of a Novel Helical-Ribbon Mixer Dryer for Conversion of Rural Slaughterhouse Wastes to an Organic Fertilizer and Implications in the Rural Circular Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-19, August.

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