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The association between presence of sanitation facilities and school enrolment in Pakistan

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  • Gillani, Abbas A.

Abstract

Pakistan is the seventh worst country in the world in terms of access to basic sanitation facilities, with 1 in 3 schools in Pakistan lacking basic toilet provision. Evidence shows that quality environment and physical infrastructure is linked with improved educational outcomes, although literature quantifying the magnitude, or mechanism, of how a toilet facility at school can increase school participation is a recent area of interest. By using school-level data of over 17.000 schools in Pakistan from The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), this paper estimates the relationship between a school having a toilet facility and enrolment at school, between the years 2013 and 2018. We find a school with a toilet facility is correlated with increased enrolment. Gender-wise breakup of results suggests, that for girls only schools, having a toilet facility was linked with a higher enrolment. However, for boys only schools, and for mixed schools, no robust evidence of any such association between a toilet facility at school and enrolment was found. Future research should focus on quantifying the mechanism behind the heterogeneous effects across gender, as toilet facilities potentially serve as a safe space for girls against harassment, assault and sexual violence.

Suggested Citation

  • Gillani, Abbas A., 2021. "The association between presence of sanitation facilities and school enrolment in Pakistan," World Development Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 21(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:wodepe:v:21:y:2021:i:c:s2452292921000035
    DOI: 10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100289
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Abbas Ali Gillani, 2019. "Providing protection for better outcomes: The need for boundary walls at schools in Pakistan," Business Review, School of Economics and Social Sciences, IBA Karachi, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, January-J.
    2. Ray, Rita & Datta, Rajlakshmi, 2017. "Do separate female toilets in primary and upper primary schools improve female enrollment? A case study from India," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 263-273.
    3. Kokkelenberg, Edward C. & Dillon, Michael & Christy, Sean M., 2008. "The effects of class size on student grades at a public university," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 221-233, April.
    4. Christina Paxson & Norbert R. Schady, 2002. "The Allocation and Impact of Social Funds: Spending on School Infrastructure in Peru," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 16(2), pages 297-319, August.
    5. Egbinola Christiana Ndidi & Amanambu Amobichukwu Chukwudi, 2015. "Water supply, sanitation and hygiene education in secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria," Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, Sciendo, vol. 29(29), pages 31-46, September.
    6. Anjali Adukia, 2017. "Sanitation and Education," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 9(2), pages 23-59, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Usama Kalim & Saira Bibi, 2024. "Assessing Teacher Competencies in Public Schools of Pakistan: A Pathway for Improving the Effectiveness of Professional Development Programs for Teachers," SAGE Open, , vol. 14(2), pages 21582440241, April.
    2. Kalim, Usama, 2024. "Evaluating teacher competencies in Pakistan's public schools: Enhancing the impact of professional development programs," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    3. Abbas A. Gillani & Sana Khan & Sadia Nasir & Salwa Niaz, 2022. "The effectiveness of installing solar panels at schools in Pakistan to increase enrolment," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 12(3), pages 505-514, September.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Education; Infrastructure; Gender; Pakistan; JEL; I20; I21; I28; R58;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I20 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - General
    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • I28 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Government Policy
    • R58 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Regional Government Analysis - - - Regional Development Planning and Policy

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