IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/trapol/v122y2022icp1-10.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The deceitful Connected and Autonomous Vehicle: Defining the concept, contextualising its dimensions and proposing mitigation policies

Author

Listed:
  • Nikitas, Alexandros
  • Parkinson, Simon
  • Vallati, Mauro

Abstract

The Connected and Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) is an emerging mobility technology that may hold a paradigm-changing potential for the future of transport policy and planning. Despite a wealth of likely benefits that have made their eventual launch inescapable, CAVs may also be a source of unprecedented disruption for tomorrow's travel eco-systems because of their vulnerability to cyber-threats, hacking and misinformation. CAVs manipulated by users, traffic controllers or third parties may act in deceitful ways. This scene-setting work introduces the deceitful CAV, a vehicle that operates in a deceitful manner towards routing and control functionality for ‘selfish’ or malicious purposes and contextualises its diverse expressions and dimensions. It specifically offers a systematic taxonomy of eight distinctive deceitful behaviours namely: suppression/camouflage, overloading, mistake, substitution, target conditioning, repackaging capability signatures, amplification and reinforcing impression. These as exemplified by their most common attack forms (i.e., starvation, denial-of-service, session hijacking, man-in-the-middle, poisoning, masquerading, flooding and spoofing) are then benchmarked against five key dimensions referring to time frame (short to long duration), engagement (localised to systemic), urban traffic controller infrastructure (single to multiple components), scale (low to high), and impact (low to high). We then suggest mitigation strategies to protect CAV technology against these dangers. These span from purely technological measures referring to the machine-centric triad of vehicles, communication, and control system including adversarial training, heuristic decision algorithms and weighted voting mechanisms to human factor measures that focus on education, training, awareness enhancement, licensing and legislation initiatives that will enable users and controllers to prevent, control or report deceitful activities.

Suggested Citation

  • Nikitas, Alexandros & Parkinson, Simon & Vallati, Mauro, 2022. "The deceitful Connected and Autonomous Vehicle: Defining the concept, contextualising its dimensions and proposing mitigation policies," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 1-10.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:trapol:v:122:y:2022:i:c:p:1-10
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.04.011
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X22001007
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.04.011?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. May, Anthony D. & Shepherd, Simon & Pfaffenbichler, Paul & Emberger, Günter, 2020. "The potential impacts of automated cars on urban transport: An exploratory analysis," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 127-138.
    2. Paddeu, Daniela & Shergold, Ian & Parkhurst, Graham, 2020. "The social perspective on policy towards local shared autonomous vehicle services (LSAVS)," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 116-126.
    3. Kassens-Noor, Eva & Dake, Dana & Decaminada, Travis & Kotval-K, Zeenat & Qu, Teresa & Wilson, Mark & Pentland, Brian, 2020. "Sociomobility of the 21st century: Autonomous vehicles, planning, and the future city," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 329-335.
    4. Diakaki, Christina & Papageorgiou, Markos & Papamichail, Ioannis & Nikolos, Ioannis, 2015. "Overview and analysis of Vehicle Automation and Communication Systems from a motorway traffic management perspective," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 147-165.
    5. Bansal, Prateek & Kockelman, Kara M., 2017. "Forecasting Americans’ long-term adoption of connected and autonomous vehicle technologies," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 49-63.
    6. Sheehan, Barry & Murphy, Finbarr & Mullins, Martin & Ryan, Cian, 2019. "Connected and autonomous vehicles: A cyber-risk classification framework," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 523-536.
    7. Chikaraishi, Makoto & Khan, Diana & Yasuda, Banri & Fujiwara, Akimasa, 2020. "Risk perception and social acceptability of autonomous vehicles: A case study in Hiroshima, Japan," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 105-115.
    8. Fagnant, Daniel J. & Kockelman, Kara, 2015. "Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 167-181.
    9. Alexandros Nikitas & Kalliopi Michalakopoulou & Eric Tchouamou Njoya & Dimitris Karampatzakis, 2020. "Artificial Intelligence, Transport and the Smart City: Definitions and Dimensions of a New Mobility Era," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-19, April.
    10. Lee, Dasom & Hess, David J., 2020. "Regulations for on-road testing of connected and automated vehicles: Assessing the potential for global safety harmonization," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 85-98.
    11. Alexandros Nikitas & Eric Tchouamou Njoya & Samir Dani, 2019. "Examining the myths of connected and autonomous vehicles: analysing the pathway to a driverless mobility paradigm," International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 19(1/2), pages 10-30.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Khan, Shah Khalid & Shiwakoti, Nirajan & Stasinopoulos, Peter & Chen, Yilun & Warren, Matthew, 2024. "The impact of perceived cyber-risks on automated vehicle acceptance: Insights from a survey of participants from the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 87-101.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hussain, Qinaat & Alhajyaseen, Wael K.M. & Adnan, Muhammad & Almallah, Mustafa & Almukdad, Abdulkarim & Alqaradawi, Mohammed, 2021. "Autonomous vehicles between anticipation and apprehension: Investigations through safety and security perceptions," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 440-451.
    2. Lee, Dasom & Hess, David J., 2020. "Regulations for on-road testing of connected and automated vehicles: Assessing the potential for global safety harmonization," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 85-98.
    3. Mohamed Alawadhi & Jumah Almazrouie & Mohammed Kamil & Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil, 2020. "A systematic literature review of the factors influencing the adoption of autonomous driving," International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Springer;The Society for Reliability, Engineering Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM),India, and Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, vol. 11(6), pages 1065-1082, December.
    4. Mao, Wei & Shepherd, Simon & Harrison, Gillian & Xu, Meng, 2024. "Autonomous vehicle market development in Beijing: A system dynamics approach," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).
    5. Agrawal, Shubham & Schuster, Amy M. & Britt, Noah & Mack, Elizabeth A. & Tidwell, Michael L. & Cotten, Shelia R., 2023. "Building on the past to help prepare the workforce for the future with automated vehicles: A systematic review of automated passenger vehicle deployment timelines," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    6. Dubey, Subodh & Sharma, Ishant & Mishra, Sabyasachee & Cats, Oded & Bansal, Prateek, 2022. "A General Framework to Forecast the Adoption of Novel Products: A Case of Autonomous Vehicles," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 63-95.
    7. Di, Yunran & Zhang, Weihua & Ding, Heng & Zheng, Xiaoyan & Ran, Bin, 2024. "Cooperative control of dynamic CAV dedicated lanes and vehicle active lane changing in expressway bottleneck areas," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 638(C).
    8. Guo, Yuntao & Souders, Dustin & Labi, Samuel & Peeta, Srinivas & Benedyk, Irina & Li, Yujie, 2021. "Paving the way for autonomous Vehicles: Understanding autonomous vehicle adoption and vehicle fuel choice under user heterogeneity," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 364-398.
    9. Jiang, Like & Chen, Haibo & Paschalidis, Evangelos, 2023. "Diffusion of connected and autonomous vehicles concerning mode choice, policy interventions and sustainability impacts: A system dynamics modelling study," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 274-290.
    10. Talebian, Ahmadreza & Mishra, Sabyasachee, 2022. "Unfolding the state of the adoption of connected autonomous trucks by the commercial fleet owner industry," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    11. McLeay, Fraser & Olya, Hossein & Liu, Hongfei & Jayawardhena, Chanaka & Dennis, Charles, 2022. "A multi-analytical approach to studying customers motivations to use innovative totally autonomous vehicles," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
    12. Hemesath, Sebastian & Tepe, Markus, 2023. "Framing the approval to test self-driving cars on public roads. The effect of safety and competitiveness on citizens' agreement," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    13. Du, Manqing & Zhang, Tingru & Liu, Jinting & Xu, Zhigang & Liu, Peng, 2022. "Rumors in the air? Exploring public misconceptions about automated vehicles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 237-252.
    14. Kassens-Noor, Eva & Dake, Dana & Decaminada, Travis & Kotval-K, Zeenat & Qu, Teresa & Wilson, Mark & Pentland, Brian, 2020. "Sociomobility of the 21st century: Autonomous vehicles, planning, and the future city," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 329-335.
    15. Shatanawi, Mohamad & Alatawneh, Anas & Mészáros, Ferenc, 2022. "Implications of static and dynamic road pricing strategies in the era of autonomous and shared autonomous vehicles using simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment: The case of Budapest," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    16. Ryder, Benjamin & Dahlinger, Andre & Gahr, Bernhard & Zundritsch, Peter & Wortmann, Felix & Fleisch, Elgar, 2019. "Spatial prediction of traffic accidents with critical driving events – Insights from a nationwide field study," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 611-626.
    17. Ljubi, Klara & Groznik, Aleš, 2023. "Role played by social factors and privacy concerns in autonomous vehicle adoption," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1-15.
    18. Jannusch, Tim & David-Spickermann, Florian & Shannon, Darren & Ressel, Juliane & Völler, Michaele & Murphy, Finbarr & Furxhi, Irini & Cunneen, Martin & Mullins, Martin, 2021. "Surveillance and privacy – Beyond the panopticon. An exploration of 720-degree observation in level 3 and 4 vehicle automation," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    19. Elvik, Rune, 2020. "The demand for automated vehicles: A synthesis of willingness-to-pay surveys," Economics of Transportation, Elsevier, vol. 23(C).
    20. Wang, Shenhao & Zhao, Jinhua, 2019. "Risk preference and adoption of autonomous vehicles," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 215-229.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:trapol:v:122:y:2022:i:c:p:1-10. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/30473/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.