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Is AI intelligent? An assessment of artificial intelligence, 70 years after Turing

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  • Hoffmann, Christian Hugo

Abstract

70 years ago Turing (1950, 1952), showcased his famous Imitation Game, which has come to be better known as the Turing Test. It proposed an evaluation procedure of intelligence in machines. The passage of time is perhaps reason enough to prompt the broad question: where do we stand today with regards to assessing intelligence in Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems? In this paper, we first contribute to more conceptual clarity by asking ourselves what AI and intelligence in AI is, and by comparing our answers to the latter to animal and human intelligence. We then aim to grasp the gist of the matter when we revisit Turing's proposal, criticize it, and finally inject basic requirements for a more robust and valid approach to evaluate AI systems in the future. In contrast to the standard Turing Test, which is neither valid nor robust, we propose that a measure or test of (machine) intelligence ought to lead to actionable as well as thriving research. Furthermore, the measure or test should be empirical, specific, relevant, expansive (for the specified scope), repeatable, solvable by exemplars, unpredictable, non-anthropomorphic, and, last but not least, non-binary.

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  • Hoffmann, Christian Hugo, 2022. "Is AI intelligent? An assessment of artificial intelligence, 70 years after Turing," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:teinso:v:68:y:2022:i:c:s0160791x22000343
    DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101893
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Galaz, Victor & Centeno, Miguel A. & Callahan, Peter W. & Causevic, Amar & Patterson, Thayer & Brass, Irina & Baum, Seth & Farber, Darryl & Fischer, Joern & Garcia, David & McPhearson, Timon & Jimenez, 2021. "Artificial intelligence, systemic risks, and sustainability," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    2. Boada, Júlia Pareto & Maestre, Begoña Román & Genís, Carme Torras, 2021. "The ethical issues of social assistive robotics: A critical literature review," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    3. David Silver & Julian Schrittwieser & Karen Simonyan & Ioannis Antonoglou & Aja Huang & Arthur Guez & Thomas Hubert & Lucas Baker & Matthew Lai & Adrian Bolton & Yutian Chen & Timothy Lillicrap & Fan , 2017. "Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge," Nature, Nature, vol. 550(7676), pages 354-359, October.
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    1. Bratanova, Alexandra & Pham, Hien & Mason, Claire & Hajkowicz, Stefan & Naughtin, Claire & Schleiger, Emma & Sanderson, Conrad & Chen, Caron & Karimi, Sarvnaz, 2022. "Differentiating artificial intelligence activity clusters in Australia," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    2. Tamò-Larrieux, Aurelia & Ciortea, Andrei & Mayer, Simon, 2022. "Machine Capacity of Judgment: An interdisciplinary approach for making machine intelligence transparent to end-users," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).

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