IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v192y2024ics1364032123011279.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater reuse strategies in Indian Himalayan region

Author

Listed:
  • Negi, Rajhans
  • Chandel, Munish K.

Abstract

Increasing water stress and high energy requirements in urban water systems (UWSs) makes it imperative to reduce water demand by adopting wastewater reuse. However, there is a gap in the existing literature about analysing the operation of hilly urban water systems (UWSs) and suggesting energy efficient and environmentally benign wastewater reuse strategies. The objective of this study is to investigate the water-energy-greenhouse gas (GHG) nexus for different wastewater reuse strategies in UWS located in the Indian Himalayan region. Potential scenarios for the direct potable and non-potable reuse in the region were analysed. The system boundary consisted of the construction and operation phase inputs. The functional unit of the study was 1 m3 of water supplied to the UWS. The data inventory was developed using process designs, site specific information, engineering calculations and commercial databases. The total embodied energy and total GHG emissions were estimated using the existing models based on mass balance approach. The hilly UWS uses 17.6 kWh/m3 of total embodied energy and emits 6.2 kgCO2eq/m3 GHG emissions in its present operation. Over 90% of energy and GHG emissions were associated with pumping, which is required to cover over 1000 m of elevation head. The combined reuse scenario comprising both non-potable and direct potable reuse had the lowest embodied energy use and GHG emissions with a magnitude of 12.9 kWh/m3 and 4.3 kgCO2eq/m3. By comparative assessment of potential reuse scenarios, the study provides rationale for adopting appropriate strategy based on water savings, energy use, and environmental interventions.

Suggested Citation

  • Negi, Rajhans & Chandel, Munish K., 2024. "Embodied energy and greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater reuse strategies in Indian Himalayan region," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:192:y:2024:i:c:s1364032123011279
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114269
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032123011279
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114269?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wang, Hongtao & Yang, Yi & Keller, Arturo A. & Li, Xiang & Feng, Shijin & Dong, Ya-nan & Li, Fengting, 2016. "Comparative analysis of energy intensity and carbon emissions in wastewater treatment in USA, Germany, China and South Africa," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 873-881.
    2. Lee, Mengshan & Keller, Arturo A. & Chiang, Pen-Chi & Den, Walter & Wang, Hongtao & Hou, Chia-Hung & Wu, Jiang & Wang, Xin & Yan, Jinyue, 2017. "Water-energy nexus for urban water systems: A comparative review on energy intensity and environmental impacts in relation to global water risks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 589-601.
    3. Ahmad, Shakeel & Jia, Haifeng & Chen, Zhengxia & Li, Qian & Xu, Changqing, 2020. "Water-energy nexus and energy efficiency: A systematic analysis of urban water systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    4. Reba Paul & Steven Kenway & Brian McIntosh & Pierre Mukheibir, 2018. "Urban Metabolism of Bangalore City: A Water Mass Balance Analysis," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 22(6), pages 1413-1424, December.
    5. Dixit, Manish K., 2017. "Life cycle embodied energy analysis of residential buildings: A review of literature to investigate embodied energy parameters," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 390-413.
    6. He, Yanying & Li, Yiming & Li, Xuecheng & Liu, Yingrui & Wang, Yufen & Guo, Haixiao & Hou, Jiaqi & Zhu, Tingting & Liu, Yiwen, 2023. "Net-zero greenhouse gas emission from wastewater treatment: Mechanisms, opportunities and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    7. Maktabifard, Mojtaba & Al-Hazmi, Hussein E. & Szulc, Paulina & Mousavizadegan, Mohammad & Xu, Xianbao & Zaborowska, Ewa & Li, Xiang & Mąkinia, Jacek, 2023. "Net-zero carbon condition in wastewater treatment plants: A systematic review of mitigation strategies and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    8. Pandey, Asha & Asif, Muhammad, 2022. "Assessment of energy and environmental sustainability in South Asia in the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    9. Wang, Xue-Chao & Jiang, Peng & Yang, Lan & Fan, Yee Van & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Wang, Yutao, 2021. "Extended water-energy nexus contribution to environmentally-related sustainable development goals," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    10. Lu Liu & Evan Lopez & Leonardo Dueñas-Osorio & Lauren Stadler & Yuefeng Xie & Pedro J. J. Alvarez & Qilin Li, 2020. "The importance of system configuration for distributed direct potable water reuse," Nature Sustainability, Nature, vol. 3(7), pages 548-555, July.
    11. Shrestha, Eleeja & Ahmad, Sajjad & Johnson, Walter & Batista, Jacimaria R., 2012. "The carbon footprint of water management policy options," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 201-212.
    12. Lund, Henrik & Thellufsen, Jakob Zinck & Sorknæs, Peter & Mathiesen, Brian Vad & Chang, Miguel & Madsen, Poul Thøis & Kany, Mikkel Strunge & Skov, Iva Ridjan, 2022. "Smart energy Denmark. A consistent and detailed strategy for a fully decarbonized society," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ana Luiza Fontenelle & Erik Nilsson & Ieda Geriberto Hidalgo & Cintia B. Uvo & Drielli Peyerl, 2022. "Temporal Understanding of the Water–Energy Nexus: A Literature Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-21, April.
    2. Wang, Xue-Chao & Jiang, Peng & Yang, Lan & Fan, Yee Van & Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír & Wang, Yutao, 2021. "Extended water-energy nexus contribution to environmentally-related sustainable development goals," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    3. Huang, Runyao & Shen, Ziheng & Wang, Hongtao & Xu, Jin & Ai, Zisheng & Zheng, Hongyuan & Liu, Runxi, 2021. "Evaluating the energy efficiency of wastewater treatment plants in the Yangtze River Delta: Perspectives on regional discrepancies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 297(C).
    4. Boroomandnia, Arezoo & Rismanchi, Behzad & Wu, Wenyan, 2022. "A review of micro hydro systems in urban areas: Opportunities and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    5. David Pérez-González & Gian Carlo Delgado-Ramos & Lilia Cedillo Ramírez & Rosalva Loreto López & María Elena Ramos Cassellis & José Víctor Rosendo Tamariz Flores & Ricardo Darío Peña Moreno, 2023. "Puebla City Water Supply from the Perspective of Urban Water Metabolism," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-34, October.
    6. Maktabifard, Mojtaba & Al-Hazmi, Hussein E. & Szulc, Paulina & Mousavizadegan, Mohammad & Xu, Xianbao & Zaborowska, Ewa & Li, Xiang & Mąkinia, Jacek, 2023. "Net-zero carbon condition in wastewater treatment plants: A systematic review of mitigation strategies and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    7. Zhang, S.Q. & Li, Y.P. & Huang, G.H. & Ding, Y.K. & Yang, X., 2023. "Developing a copula-based input-output method for analyzing energy-water nexus of Tajikistan," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
    8. Mngereza Miraji & Xi Li & Jie Liu & Chunmiao Zheng, 2019. "Evaluation of Water and Energy Nexus in Wami Ruvu River Basin, Tanzania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-12, June.
    9. Velasquez-Orta, Sharon B. & Heidrich, Oliver & Black, Ken & Graham, David, 2018. "Retrofitting options for wastewater networks to achieve climate change reduction targets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C), pages 430-441.
    10. Yan, Guoxin & Kenway, Steven J. & Lam, Ka Leung & Lant, Paul A., 2024. "Water-energy trajectories for urban water and wastewater reveal the impact of city strategies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 366(C).
    11. Andrea G. Capodaglio & Gustaf Olsson, 2019. "Energy Issues in Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management: Use, Demand Reduction and Recovery in the Urban Water Cycle," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-17, December.
    12. Zhou, Yuzhou & Zhao, Jiexing & Zhai, Qiaozhu, 2021. "100% renewable energy: A multi-stage robust scheduling approach for cascade hydropower system with wind and photovoltaic power," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    13. Nogueira Vilanova, Mateus Ricardo & Perrella Balestieri, José Antônio, 2014. "Energy and hydraulic efficiency in conventional water supply systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 701-714.
    14. Adam Masłoń & Joanna Czarnota & Paulina Szczyrba & Aleksandra Szaja & Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak & Grzegorz Łagód, 2024. "Assessment of Energy Self-Sufficiency of Wastewater Treatment Plants—A Case Study from Poland," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-19, March.
    15. Sun, Xiaoqin & Medina, Mario A. & Lee, Kyoung Ok & Jin, Xing, 2018. "Laboratory assessment of residential building walls containing pipe-encapsulated phase change materials for thermal management," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 383-391.
    16. Hanze Yu & Wei Yang & Qiyuan Li & Jie Li, 2022. "Optimizing Buildings’ Life Cycle Performance While Allowing Diversity in the Early Design Stage," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-21, July.
    17. Zhao, Yuhuan & Shi, Qiaoling & li, Hao & Qian, Zhiling & Zheng, Lu & Wang, Song & He, Yizhang, 2022. "Simulating the economic and environmental effects of integrated policies in energy-carbon-water nexus of China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PA).
    18. Seungjun Roh & Sungho Tae & Rakhyun Kim, 2018. "Analysis of Embodied Environmental Impacts of Korean Apartment Buildings Considering Major Building Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-17, May.
    19. Guangyang Wu & Lanhai Li & Sajjad Ahmad & Xi Chen & Xiangliang Pan, 2013. "A Dynamic Model for Vulnerability Assessment of Regional Water Resources in Arid Areas: A Case Study of Bayingolin, China," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 27(8), pages 3085-3101, June.
    20. Chenxi Pang & Xi Luo & Bing Rong & Xuebiao Nie & Zhengyu Jin & Xue Xia, 2022. "Carbon Emission Accounting and the Carbon Neutralization Model for a Typical Wastewater Treatment Plant in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-15, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:192:y:2024:i:c:s1364032123011279. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.