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Photobioreactor design and parameters essential for algal cultivation using industrial wastewater: A review

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  • Sathinathan, P.
  • Parab, H.M.
  • Yusoff, R.
  • Ibrahim, S.
  • Vello, V.
  • Ngoh, G.C.

Abstract

Industrial wastewater containing heavy-metals, along with high quantities of nutrients and soluble salts, promote eutrophication in aquatic bodies. On the contrary, microalgae biomass may be leveraged to produce proteins, carbohydrates, pigments, lipids, hydrocarbons, fertilisers, soil conditioners, fish or animal feed, and a range of other goods. However, due to the high production cost and sensitivity of mass cultivation parameters - nutrients, agitation, pH, light, temperature, degassing, and controls, the current global output of microalgae biomass is approximately 9000 tonnes per year. Thus, combining microalgae cultivation with wastewater treatment is one of the feasible solutions for reducing the operating costs of the wastewater treatment plant, and subsequently reducing the cost of microalgae cultivation. Besides, photobioreactor can play a huge role in controlling the essential parameters for the cultivation of microalgae compared to cultivation in open ponds. This review aims to maximize the microalgae growth using industrial wastewater for cultivation in a photobioreactor while considering the essential parameters. Various microalgae species are feasible for cultivation in various industrial wastewater such as paper and pulp, textile, dairy, heavy metal, food processing and agricultural industries wastewater. The designs, construction materials and comparison of photobioreactors are reviewed under the photobioreactor section while the essential parameters in the photobioreactor are reviewed under the operating conditions section. However, based on the review, there are limited studies that incorporate the cultivation of microalgae using industrial wastewater with a photobioreactor. Optimizations of parameters using industrial wastewater in a photobioreactor to maximize the microalgae growth are crucial to be studied.

Suggested Citation

  • Sathinathan, P. & Parab, H.M. & Yusoff, R. & Ibrahim, S. & Vello, V. & Ngoh, G.C., 2023. "Photobioreactor design and parameters essential for algal cultivation using industrial wastewater: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:173:y:2023:i:c:s1364032122009777
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2022.113096
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chrysanthos Maraveas, 2019. "Environmental Sustainability of Greenhouse Covering Materials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-24, November.
    2. Ferreira, L.S. & Rodrigues, M.S. & Converti, A. & Sato, S. & Carvalho, J.C.M., 2012. "Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis cultivation in tubular photobioreactor: Use of no-cost CO2 from ethanol fermentation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 379-385.
    3. Naira, Venkateswara R. & Das, Debasish & Maiti, Soumen K., 2020. "A novel bubble-driven internal mixer for improving productivities of algal biomass and biodiesel in a bubble-column photobioreactor under natural sunlight," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 605-615.
    4. Beata Brzychczyk & Tomasz Hebda & Jakub Fitas & Jan Giełżecki, 2020. "The Follow-up Photobioreactor Illumination System for the Cultivation of Photosynthetic Microorganisms," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-9, March.
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    3. Teng-Fei Ma & Jin Wu & Yi-Chang Yu & Ting-Ting Chen & Yuan Yao & Wei-Ling Liao & Li Feng & Jiang Pan, 2023. "An Assessment of the Heavy Metal Contamination, Risk, and Source Identification in the Sediments from the Liangtan River, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-15, November.

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