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Activity of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, spectroscopic and chromatographic characterization of biodiesel: A review

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  • Tariq, Muhammad
  • Ali, Saqib
  • Khalid, Nasir

Abstract

Biofuel has got tremendous attraction for the last decade as an alternative source of energy. Bioethanol and biodiesel are two main products of first generation biofuel. Biodiesel is chemically fatty acid methyl esters prepared from various edible and non-edible oils. It has been used as a substitute to mineral diesel during the last decade. This review is about generation, transesterification, factors affecting transesterification, catalysts (homogeneous and heterogeneous) and physico-chemical characterization of biodiesel by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The alkaline homogeneous catalysts (NaOH or KOH) have been used on commercial scale for production of biodiesel because these are cheap and reaction occurs in less time. The heterogeneous catalysts such as metal oxides, e.g., CaO, MgO, SrO, ZnO, La2O3, Mg–Al hydrolalcite have been used for transesterification of vegetable oil due to their easy separation and reuse but these catalysts take more time for completion of reaction. The yield of biodiesel may be affected by alcohol/oil ratio, concentration of catalyst, time required for reaction, temperature free fatty acid moisture. The prepared biodiesel has been characterized by chromatographic techniques like gas chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography and spectroscopic techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy.

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  • Tariq, Muhammad & Ali, Saqib & Khalid, Nasir, 2012. "Activity of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, spectroscopic and chromatographic characterization of biodiesel: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(8), pages 6303-6316.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:16:y:2012:i:8:p:6303-6316
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.07.005
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    15. Saba, Tony & Estephane, Jane & El Khoury, Bilal & El Khoury, Maroulla & Khazma, Mahmoud & El Zakhem, Henri & Aouad, Samer, 2016. "Biodiesel production from refined sunflower vegetable oil over KOH/ZSM5 catalysts," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 301-306.
    16. Shah, Syed Hasnain & Raja, Iftikhar Ahmed & Rizwan, Muhammad & Rashid, Naim & Mahmood, Qaisar & Shah, Fayyaz Ali & Pervez, Arshid, 2018. "Potential of microalgal biodiesel production and its sustainability perspectives in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 76-92.
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    19. Aghababaeian, Shiva & Beygzadeh, Mojtaba & Dehghan, Maziar & Halek, Farah-Sadat & Aminy, Mohammad, 2024. "Energy and economic aspects of efficient radiative heating for biodiesel production: Prospects and challenges of using solid magnetic CaO/CoFe2O4 nano-catalyst," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    20. Chuepeng, Sathaporn & Komintarachat, Cholada, 2018. "Interesterification optimization of waste cooking oil and ethyl acetate over homogeneous catalyst for biofuel production with engine validation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C), pages 728-739.
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    22. Shimada, Guilherme B. & Cestari, Alexandre, 2020. "Synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts by the hydrolytic Sol-Gel method for the biodiesel production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 389-394.
    23. Tariq, Muhammad & Qureshi, Ahmad Kaleem & Karim, Shaista & Sirajuddin, Muhammad & Abbas, Naseem & Imran, Muhammad & Shirazi, Jaffir Hussain, 2021. "Synthesis, characterization and fuel parameters analysis of linseed oil biodiesel using cadmium oxide nanoparticles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    24. Ma, Yingqun & Wang, Qunhui & Sun, Xiaohong & Wu, Chuanfu & Gao, Zhen, 2017. "Kinetics studies of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using FeCl3-modified resin as heterogeneous catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 522-530.
    25. Jesús Andrés Tavizón-Pozos & Gerardo Chavez-Esquivel & Víctor Alejandro Suárez-Toriello & Carlos Eduardo Santolalla-Vargas & Oscar Abel Luévano-Rivas & Omar Uriel Valdés-Martínez & Alfonso Talavera-Ló, 2021. "State of Art of Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides Catalysts Used in the Transesterification of Oils for Biodiesel Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-24, February.

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