IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v150y2021ics1364032121007711.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Techno-economic analysis and energy modelling as a key enablers for smart energy services and technologies in buildings

Author

Listed:
  • Manfren, Massimiliano
  • Nastasi, Benedetto
  • Tronchin, Lamberto
  • Groppi, Daniele
  • Garcia, Davide Astiaso

Abstract

Smart energy services and technologies are key components of energy transition and decarbonisation strategies for the built environment. On the one hand, the technical potential of the building stock in terms of energy, emissions and cost savings is large and exploited only partially at present. On the other hand, the increasing availability of data generated by smart meters, smart devices, sensors and building management systems can help monitoring, verifying and tracking building energy performance improvements in a transparent way. In particular, energy modelling and data analytics can provide empirically grounded and tested methods to standardize the way energy performance is measured and reported. Further, techno-economic analysis is crucial to ensure the feasibility of innovative business models. For these reasons, this paper aims to address the role of techno-economic analysis and energy modelling as key enablers for next-generation energy services and technologies. In terms of methods, scientific literature selection criteria are derived from previous research and are focused on limitations and bottlenecks to the achievement of innovative business models, which are motivated, at their very basics, by energy, emission and cost savings. Additionally, besides these potential savings, smart energy services and technologies can provide multiple additional benefits such as improved Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) and energy flexibility on the demand side, with respect to energy infrastructures. First, the research identifies the key elements that are necessary to integrate and to streamline techno-economic analysis and energy modelling processes. After that, it highlights potential advances in the broad area of energy transitions and decarbonisation of the built environment that can be achieved as an evolution of current practices and processes. Finally, it envisions the creation of “eco-systems” of interacting models for the building sector that share common underlying principles.

Suggested Citation

  • Manfren, Massimiliano & Nastasi, Benedetto & Tronchin, Lamberto & Groppi, Daniele & Garcia, Davide Astiaso, 2021. "Techno-economic analysis and energy modelling as a key enablers for smart energy services and technologies in buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:150:y:2021:i:c:s1364032121007711
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111490
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032121007711
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111490?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Junker, Rune Grønborg & Azar, Armin Ghasem & Lopes, Rui Amaral & Lindberg, Karen Byskov & Reynders, Glenn & Relan, Rishi & Madsen, Henrik, 2018. "Characterizing the energy flexibility of buildings and districts," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 175-182.
    2. Filippo Busato & Renato M. Lazzarin & Marco Noro, 2012. "Energy and economic analysis of different heat pump systems for space heating," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, Oxford University Press, vol. 7(2), pages 104-112, February.
    3. Massimiliano Manfren & Benedetto Nastasi, 2020. "Parametric Performance Analysis and Energy Model Calibration Workflow Integration—A Scalable Approach for Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-14, February.
    4. Buchmann, Marius, 2020. "How decentralization drives a change of the institutional framework on the distribution grid level in the electricity sector – The case of local congestion markets," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    5. Han, Dong & Zhang, Chengzhenghao & Ping, Jian & Yan, Zheng, 2020. "Smart contract architecture for decentralized energy trading and management based on blockchains," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    6. Manfren, Massimiliano & Nastasi, Benedetto & Groppi, Daniele & Astiaso Garcia, Davide, 2020. "Open data and energy analytics - An analysis of essential information for energy system planning, design and operation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    7. Garmabdari, R. & Moghimi, M. & Yang, F. & Lu, J., 2020. "Multi-objective optimisation and planning of grid-connected cogeneration systems in presence of grid power fluctuations and energy storage dynamics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C).
    8. Jentsch, Mark F. & James, Patrick A.B. & Bourikas, Leonidas & Bahaj, AbuBakr S., 2013. "Transforming existing weather data for worldwide locations to enable energy and building performance simulation under future climates," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 514-524.
    9. Hoarau, Quentin & Perez, Yannick, 2019. "Network tariff design with prosumers and electromobility: Who wins, who loses?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 26-39.
    10. Raillon, L. & Ghiaus, C., 2018. "An efficient Bayesian experimental calibration of dynamic thermal models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 818-833.
    11. Francesco Mancini & Sabrina Romano & Gianluigi Lo Basso & Jacopo Cimaglia & Livio de Santoli, 2020. "How the Italian Residential Sector Could Contribute to Load Flexibility in Demand Response Activities: A Methodology for Residential Clustering and Developing a Flexibility Strategy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-25, July.
    12. Gans, Will & Alberini, Anna & Longo, Alberto, 2013. "Smart meter devices and the effect of feedback on residential electricity consumption: Evidence from a natural experiment in Northern Ireland," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 729-743.
    13. Manfren, Massimiliano & Aste, Niccolò & Moshksar, Reza, 2013. "Calibration and uncertainty analysis for computer models – A meta-model based approach for integrated building energy simulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 627-641.
    14. Pfenninger, Stefan & Hirth, Lion & Schlecht, Ingmar & Schmid, Eva & Wiese, Frauke & Brown, Tom & Davis, Chris & Gidden, Matthew & Heinrichs, Heidi & Heuberger, Clara & Hilpert, Simon & Krien, Uwe & Ma, 2018. "Opening the black box of energy modelling: Strategies and lessons learned," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 19, pages 63-71.
    15. Orehounig, Kristina & Evins, Ralph & Dorer, Viktor, 2015. "Integration of decentralized energy systems in neighbourhoods using the energy hub approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 277-289.
    16. Dominković, Dominik Franjo & Junker, Rune Grønborg & Lindberg, Karen Byskov & Madsen, Henrik, 2020. "Implementing flexibility into energy planning models: Soft-linking of a high-level energy planning model and a short-term operational model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    17. Johansson, Petter & Vendel, Martin & Nuur, Cali, 2020. "Integrating distributed energy resources in electricity distribution systems: An explorative study of challenges facing DSOs in Sweden," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    18. Ribó-Pérez, David & Van der Weijde, Adriaan H. & Álvarez-Bel, Carlos, 2019. "Effects of self-generation in imperfectly competitive electricity markets: The case of Spain," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    19. Lindberg, Marie Byskov & Markard, Jochen & Andersen, Allan Dahl, 2019. "Policies, actors and sustainability transition pathways: A study of the EU’s energy policy mix," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(10).
    20. Kohler, M. & Blond, N. & Clappier, A., 2016. "A city scale degree-day method to assess building space heating energy demands in Strasbourg Eurometropolis (France)," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 40-54.
    21. Lomas, K.J. & Oliveira, S. & Warren, P. & Haines, V.J. & Chatterton, T. & Beizaee, A. & Prestwood, E. & Gething, B., 2018. "Do domestic heating controls save energy? A review of the evidence," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 52-75.
    22. Andoni, Merlinda & Robu, Valentin & Flynn, David & Abram, Simone & Geach, Dale & Jenkins, David & McCallum, Peter & Peacock, Andrew, 2019. "Blockchain technology in the energy sector: A systematic review of challenges and opportunities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 143-174.
    23. Bollinger, L.A. & Davis, C.B. & Evins, R. & Chappin, E.J.L. & Nikolic, I., 2018. "Multi-model ecologies for shaping future energy systems: Design patterns and development paths," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3441-3451.
    24. Pfenninger, Stefan & DeCarolis, Joseph & Hirth, Lion & Quoilin, Sylvain & Staffell, Iain, 2017. "The importance of open data and software: Is energy research lagging behind?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 211-215.
    25. Arghandeh, Reza & von Meier, Alexandra & Mehrmanesh, Laura & Mili, Lamine, 2016. "On the definition of cyber-physical resilience in power systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 1060-1069.
    26. Aste, Niccolò & Manfren, Massimiliano & Marenzi, Giorgia, 2017. "Building Automation and Control Systems and performance optimization: A framework for analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 313-330.
    27. Mazzoni, Stefano & Ooi, Sean & Nastasi, Benedetto & Romagnoli, Alessandro, 2019. "Energy storage technologies as techno-economic parameters for master-planning and optimal dispatch in smart multi energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    28. Darby, Sarah J., 2020. "Demand response and smart technology in theory and practice: Customer experiences and system actors," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    29. Wang, Yang & Kuckelkorn, Jens & Zhao, Fu-Yun & Spliethoff, Hartmut & Lang, Werner, 2017. "A state of art of review on interactions between energy performance and indoor environment quality in Passive House buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 1303-1319.
    30. Schmidt, Mischa & Åhlund, Christer, 2018. "Smart buildings as Cyber-Physical Systems: Data-driven predictive control strategies for energy efficiency," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 742-756.
    31. Pasichnyi, Oleksii & Wallin, Jörgen & Kordas, Olga, 2019. "Data-driven building archetypes for urban building energy modelling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 360-377.
    32. Markard, Jochen & Raven, Rob & Truffer, Bernhard, 2012. "Sustainability transitions: An emerging field of research and its prospects," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 41(6), pages 955-967.
    33. Gianluca Serale & Massimo Fiorentini & Alfonso Capozzoli & Daniele Bernardini & Alberto Bemporad, 2018. "Model Predictive Control (MPC) for Enhancing Building and HVAC System Energy Efficiency: Problem Formulation, Applications and Opportunities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-35, March.
    34. Lukas Lundström & Jan Akander & Jesús Zambrano, 2019. "Development of a Space Heating Model Suitable for the Automated Model Generation of Existing Multifamily Buildings—A Case Study in Nordic Climate," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-27, February.
    35. Massimiliano Manfren & Maurizio Sibilla & Lamberto Tronchin, 2021. "Energy Modelling and Analytics in the Built Environment—A Review of Their Role for Energy Transitions in the Construction Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-29, January.
    36. Reka, S. Sofana & Dragicevic, Tomislav, 2018. "Future effectual role of energy delivery: A comprehensive review of Internet of Things and smart grid," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 90-108.
    37. Enrico Fabrizio & Valentina Monetti, 2015. "Methodologies and Advancements in the Calibration of Building Energy Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-27, March.
    38. Deane, J.P. & Chiodi, Alessandro & Gargiulo, Maurizio & Ó Gallachóir, Brian P., 2012. "Soft-linking of a power systems model to an energy systems model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 303-312.
    39. Tronchin, Lamberto & Manfren, Massimiliano & Nastasi, Benedetto, 2018. "Energy efficiency, demand side management and energy storage technologies – A critical analysis of possible paths of integration in the built environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 341-353.
    40. Krese, Gorazd & Lampret, Žiga & Butala, Vincenc & Prek, Matjaž, 2018. "Determination of a Building's balance point temperature as an energy characteristic," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 1034-1049.
    41. Tronchin, Lamberto & Manfren, Massimiliano & James, Patrick AB., 2018. "Linking design and operation performance analysis through model calibration: Parametric assessment on a Passive House building," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 26-40.
    42. Maria Ferrara & Valentina Monetti & Enrico Fabrizio, 2018. "Cost-Optimal Analysis for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings Design and Optimization: A Critical Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-32, June.
    43. Kaufmann, Simon & Künzel, Karoline & Loock, Moritz, 2013. "Customer value of smart metering: Explorative evidence from a choice-based conjoint study in Switzerland," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 229-239.
    44. Carstens, Herman & Xia, Xiaohua & Yadavalli, Sarma, 2018. "Measurement uncertainty in energy monitoring: Present state of the art," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2791-2805.
    45. Markard, Jochen & Hoffmann, Volker H., 2016. "Analysis of complementarities: Framework and examples from the energy transition," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 63-75.
    46. Liu, Xuezhi & Mancarella, Pierluigi, 2016. "Modelling, assessment and Sankey diagrams of integrated electricity-heat-gas networks in multi-vector district energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 336-352.
    47. Pomponi, Francesco & Moncaster, Alice, 2018. "Scrutinising embodied carbon in buildings: The next performance gap made manifest," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2431-2442.
    48. Westermann, Paul & Deb, Chirag & Schlueter, Arno & Evins, Ralph, 2020. "Unsupervised learning of energy signatures to identify the heating system and building type using smart meter data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    49. Benedetto Nastasi & Massimiliano Manfren & Michel Noussan, 2020. "Open Data and Energy Analytics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-3, May.
    50. Deng, S. & Wang, R.Z. & Dai, Y.J., 2014. "How to evaluate performance of net zero energy building – A literature research," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 1-16.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Fang, Zhen, 2023. "Assessing the impact of renewable energy investment, green technology innovation, and industrialization on sustainable development: A case study of China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 772-782.
    2. Muideen Adegoke & Alaka Hafiz & Saheed Ajayi & Razak Olu-Ajayi, 2022. "Application of Multilayer Extreme Learning Machine for Efficient Building Energy Prediction," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-21, December.
    3. Massimiliano Manfren & Lavinia Chiara Tagliabue & Fulvio Re Cecconi & Marco Ricci, 2022. "Long-Term Techno-Economic Performance Monitoring to Promote Built Environment Decarbonisation and Digital Transformation—A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-17, January.
    4. Manfren, Massimiliano & Nastasi, Benedetto, 2023. "Interpretable data-driven building load profiles modelling for Measurement and Verification 2.0," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    5. Sofia Agostinelli & Fabrizio Cumo & Meysam Majidi Nezhad & Giuseppe Orsini & Giuseppe Piras, 2022. "Renewable Energy System Controlled by Open-Source Tools and Digital Twin Model: Zero Energy Port Area in Italy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-24, March.
    6. Massimiliano Manfren & Karla M. Gonzalez-Carreon & Patrick A. B. James, 2024. "Interpretable Data-Driven Methods for Building Energy Modelling—A Review of Critical Connections and Gaps," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-22, February.
    7. Dan, Zhaohui & Song, Aoye & Yu, Xiaojun & Zhou, Yuekuan, 2024. "Electrification-driven circular economy with machine learning-based multi-scale and cross-scale modelling approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
    8. Manfren, Massimiliano & James, Patrick AB. & Tronchin, Lamberto, 2022. "Data-driven building energy modelling – An analysis of the potential for generalisation through interpretable machine learning," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    9. Tharindu Prabatha & Kasun Hewage & Rehan Sadiq, 2022. "An Energy Performance Contract Optimization Approach to Meet the Competing Stakeholder Expectations under Uncertainty: A Canadian Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, April.
    10. Markus Fleschutz & Markus Bohlayer & Marco Braun & Michael D. Murphy, 2022. "Demand Response Analysis Framework (DRAF): An Open-Source Multi-Objective Decision Support Tool for Decarbonizing Local Multi-Energy Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-38, June.
    11. Razmjoo, Armin & Mirjalili, Seyedali & Aliehyaei, Mehdi & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Ahmadi, Abolfazl & Majidi Nezhad, Meysam, 2022. "Development of smart energy systems for communities: technologies, policies and applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Massimiliano Manfren & Maurizio Sibilla & Lamberto Tronchin, 2021. "Energy Modelling and Analytics in the Built Environment—A Review of Their Role for Energy Transitions in the Construction Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-29, January.
    2. Manfren, Massimiliano & Nastasi, Benedetto & Groppi, Daniele & Astiaso Garcia, Davide, 2020. "Open data and energy analytics - An analysis of essential information for energy system planning, design and operation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    3. Tronchin, Lamberto & Manfren, Massimiliano & Nastasi, Benedetto, 2018. "Energy efficiency, demand side management and energy storage technologies – A critical analysis of possible paths of integration in the built environment," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 341-353.
    4. Tronchin, Lamberto & Manfren, Massimiliano & James, Patrick AB., 2018. "Linking design and operation performance analysis through model calibration: Parametric assessment on a Passive House building," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PA), pages 26-40.
    5. Massimiliano Manfren & Benedetto Nastasi, 2020. "Parametric Performance Analysis and Energy Model Calibration Workflow Integration—A Scalable Approach for Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-14, February.
    6. Manfren, Massimiliano & James, Patrick AB. & Tronchin, Lamberto, 2022. "Data-driven building energy modelling – An analysis of the potential for generalisation through interpretable machine learning," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    7. Benedetta Grassi & Edoardo Alessio Piana & Gian Paolo Beretta & Mariagrazia Pilotelli, 2020. "Dynamic Approach to Evaluate the Effect of Reducing District Heating Temperature on Indoor Thermal Comfort," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-25, December.
    8. Süsser, Diana & Gaschnig, Hannes & Ceglarz, Andrzej & Stavrakas, Vassilis & Flamos, Alexandros & Lilliestam, Johan, 2022. "Better suited or just more complex? On the fit between user needs and modeller-driven improvements of energy system models," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PB).
    9. Markus Fleschutz & Markus Bohlayer & Marco Braun & Michael D. Murphy, 2022. "Demand Response Analysis Framework (DRAF): An Open-Source Multi-Objective Decision Support Tool for Decarbonizing Local Multi-Energy Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-38, June.
    10. Nutkiewicz, Alex & Yang, Zheng & Jain, Rishee K., 2018. "Data-driven Urban Energy Simulation (DUE-S): A framework for integrating engineering simulation and machine learning methods in a multi-scale urban energy modeling workflow," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 1176-1189.
    11. Manfren, Massimiliano & Nastasi, Benedetto, 2023. "Interpretable data-driven building load profiles modelling for Measurement and Verification 2.0," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    12. Brown, T. & Schlachtberger, D. & Kies, A. & Schramm, S. & Greiner, M., 2018. "Synergies of sector coupling and transmission reinforcement in a cost-optimised, highly renewable European energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 720-739.
    13. Song, Yuguang & Chen, Fangjian & Xia, Mingchao & Chen, Qifang, 2022. "The interactive dispatch strategy for thermostatically controlled loads based on the source–load collaborative evolution," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 309(C).
    14. Klemm, Christian & Vennemann, Peter, 2021. "Modeling and optimization of multi-energy systems in mixed-use districts: A review of existing methods and approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    15. Sofia Agostinelli & Fabrizio Cumo & Giambattista Guidi & Claudio Tomazzoli, 2021. "Cyber-Physical Systems Improving Building Energy Management: Digital Twin and Artificial Intelligence," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-25, April.
    16. Yazdanie, M. & Orehounig, K., 2021. "Advancing urban energy system planning and modeling approaches: Gaps and solutions in perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    17. Plazas-Niño, F.A. & Ortiz-Pimiento, N.R. & Montes-Páez, E.G., 2022. "National energy system optimization modelling for decarbonization pathways analysis: A systematic literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    18. Chang, Miguel & Thellufsen, Jakob Zink & Zakeri, Behnam & Pickering, Bryn & Pfenninger, Stefan & Lund, Henrik & Østergaard, Poul Alberg, 2021. "Trends in tools and approaches for modelling the energy transition," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    19. Henke, Hauke T.J. & Gardumi, Francesco & Howells, Mark, 2022. "The open source electricity Model Base for Europe - An engagement framework for open and transparent European energy modelling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(PA).
    20. Massimiliano Manfren & Karla M. Gonzalez-Carreon & Patrick A. B. James, 2024. "Interpretable Data-Driven Methods for Building Energy Modelling—A Review of Critical Connections and Gaps," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-22, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:150:y:2021:i:c:s1364032121007711. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.