IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v134y2020ics1364032120304342.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A critical review on life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel: current challenges and future prospects

Author

Listed:
  • Chamkalani, A.
  • Zendehboudi, S.
  • Rezaei, N.
  • Hawboldt, K.

Abstract

Life cycle analysis (LCA) of algal biodiesel production process can provide a quantitative measure for its sustainability. In this paper, the published LCA studies of algae biodiesel processes are reviewed, demonstrating there are few comprehensive studies covering the complete process; therefore, outcomes can be inconclusive. The variability in algae type, reactor type and conditions, and other factors will impact LCA outcomes. However, the lack of a systematic framework for LCAs applied to the algae biodiesel process is also a factor in the variable LCA outcomes. Factors such as system boundaries, temporal units, choice of allocation, land use, and biogenic carbon source have to be redefined; and other variables such as infrastructure construction, systematic maintenance, transportation, and waste management need to be considered in the LCA strategy. Critically, the economic burden associated with both upstream and downstream processes should also be included in the LCA approach. Future studies could focus on process design, optimization, and intensification. This review paper offers a comprehensive and critical literature review of the LCA and sustainability assessment for the entire algal biodiesel process, which can benefit relevant future studies.

Suggested Citation

  • Chamkalani, A. & Zendehboudi, S. & Rezaei, N. & Hawboldt, K., 2020. "A critical review on life cycle analysis of algae biodiesel: current challenges and future prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:134:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120304342
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110143
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032120304342
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110143?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Su, Yujie & Song, Kaihui & Zhang, Peidong & Su, Yuqing & Cheng, Jing & Chen, Xiao, 2017. "Progress of microalgae biofuel’s commercialization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 402-411.
    2. Papari, Sadegh & Hawboldt, Kelly, 2015. "A review on the pyrolysis of woody biomass to bio-oil: Focus on kinetic models," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1580-1595.
    3. Zeng, Xianhai & Danquah, Michael K. & Chen, Xiao Dong & Lu, Yinghua, 2011. "Microalgae bioengineering: From CO2 fixation to biofuel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(6), pages 3252-3260, August.
    4. Brennan, Liam & Owende, Philip, 2010. "Biofuels from microalgae--A review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 557-577, February.
    5. Gog, Adriana & Roman, Marius & Toşa, Monica & Paizs, Csaba & Irimie, Florin Dan, 2012. "Biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification – Current state and perspectives," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 10-16.
    6. Kovacevic, Vujadin & Wesseler, Justus, 2010. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of algae energy production in the EU," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(10), pages 5749-5757, October.
    7. Collet, Pierre & Lardon, Laurent & Hélias, Arnaud & Bricout, Stéphanie & Lombaert-Valot, Isabelle & Perrier, Béatrice & Lépine, Olivier & Steyer, Jean-Philippe & Bernard, Olivier, 2014. "Biodiesel from microalgae – Life cycle assessment and recommendations for potential improvements," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 525-533.
    8. Barros, Ana I. & Gonçalves, Ana L. & Simões, Manuel & Pires, José C.M., 2015. "Harvesting techniques applied to microalgae: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 1489-1500.
    9. Franco, Carlos J. & Zapata, Sebastian & Dyner, Isaac, 2015. "Simulation for assessing the liberalization of biofuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 298-307.
    10. Heilmann, Steven M. & Jader, Lindsey R. & Harned, Laurie A. & Sadowsky, Michael J. & Schendel, Frederick J. & Lefebvre, Paul A. & von Keitz, Marc G. & Valentas, Kenneth J., 2011. "Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae II. Fatty acid, char, and algal nutrient products," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(10), pages 3286-3290.
    11. Neupane, Binod & Rubin, Jonathan, 2017. "Implications of U.S. biofuels policy for sustainable transportation energy in Maine and the Northeast," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 729-735.
    12. van Boxtel, A.J.B. & Perez-Lopez, P. & Breitmayer, E. & Slegers, P.M., 2015. "The potential of optimized process design to advance LCA performance of algae production systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 1122-1127.
    13. Azadi, Pooya & Brownbridge, George & Mosbach, Sebastian & Smallbone, Andrew & Bhave, Amit & Inderwildi, Oliver & Kraft, Markus, 2014. "The carbon footprint and non-renewable energy demand of algae-derived biodiesel," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1632-1644.
    14. Cai, Ting & Park, Stephen Y. & Racharaks, Ratanachat & Li, Yebo, 2013. "Cultivation of Nannochloropsis salina using anaerobic digestion effluent as a nutrient source for biofuel production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 486-492.
    15. Atabani, A.E. & Silitonga, A.S. & Badruddin, Irfan Anjum & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Masjuki, H.H. & Mekhilef, S., 2012. "A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 2070-2093.
    16. Amber Broch & Umakanta Jena & S. Kent Hoekman & Joel Langford, 2013. "Analysis of Solid and Aqueous Phase Products from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Whole and Lipid-Extracted Algae," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(1), pages 1-18, December.
    17. Aziz, Muhammad & Oda, Takuya & Kashiwagi, Takao, 2014. "Integration of energy-efficient drying in microalgae utilization based on enhanced process integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 307-316.
    18. Bradley, Tom & Maga, Daniel & Antón, Sara, 2015. "Unified approach to Life Cycle Assessment between three unique algae biofuel facilities," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 1052-1061.
    19. Demirbas, M. Fatih, 2011. "Biofuels from algae for sustainable development," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(10), pages 3473-3480.
    20. John M. DeCicco & Danielle Yuqiao Liu & Joonghyeok Heo & Rashmi Krishnan & Angelika Kurthen & Louise Wang, 2016. "Carbon balance effects of U.S. biofuel production and use," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 138(3), pages 667-680, October.
    21. Pragya, Namita & Pandey, Krishan K. & Sahoo, P.K., 2013. "A review on harvesting, oil extraction and biofuels production technologies from microalgae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 159-171.
    22. Kligerman, Debora Cynamon & Bouwer, Edward J., 2015. "Prospects for biodiesel production from algae-based wastewater treatment in Brazil: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1834-1846.
    23. Tzanetis, Konstantinos F. & Posada, John A. & Ramirez, Andrea, 2017. "Analysis of biomass hydrothermal liquefaction and biocrude-oil upgrading for renewable jet fuel production: The impact of reaction conditions on production costs and GHG emissions performance," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1388-1398.
    24. Bo Weidema, 2014. "Has ISO 14040/44 Failed Its Role as a Standard for Life Cycle Assessment?," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 18(3), pages 324-326, May.
    25. JunJie Wu & Christian Langpap, 2015. "The Price and Welfare Effects of Biofuel Mandates and Subsidies," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 62(1), pages 35-57, September.
    26. Speranza, Lais Galileu & Ingram, Andrew & Leeke, Gary A., 2015. "Assessment of algae biodiesel viability based on the area requirement in the European Union, United States and Brazil," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 406-417.
    27. Quispe, César A.G. & Coronado, Christian J.R. & Carvalho Jr., João A., 2013. "Glycerol: Production, consumption, prices, characterization and new trends in combustion," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 475-493.
    28. Dong, Tao & Knoshaug, Eric P. & Pienkos, Philip T. & Laurens, Lieve M.L., 2016. "Lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microbial biomass for biofuel production: A critical review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 879-895.
    29. Sorguven, Esra & Özilgen, Mustafa, 2010. "Thermodynamic assessment of algal biodiesel utilization," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(9), pages 1956-1966.
    30. Davis, Ryan & Aden, Andy & Pienkos, Philip T., 2011. "Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(10), pages 3524-3531.
    31. Troldborg, Mads & Heslop, Simon & Hough, Rupert L., 2014. "Assessing the sustainability of renewable energy technologies using multi-criteria analysis: Suitability of approach for national-scale assessments and associated uncertainties," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 1173-1184.
    32. Harto, Christopher & Meyers, Robert & Williams, Eric, 2010. "Life cycle water use of low-carbon transport fuels," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(9), pages 4933-4944, September.
    33. Mata, Teresa M. & Martins, António A. & Caetano, Nidia. S., 2010. "Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 217-232, January.
    34. Silva Junior, Daniel, 2013. "Impacts of biodiesel on the Brazilian fuel market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 666-675.
    35. Qu, Yixin & Wei, Xiaomin & Zhong, Chongli, 2003. "Experimental study on the direct liquefaction of Cunninghamia lanceolata in water," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(7), pages 597-606.
    36. Omer, Abdeen Mustafa, 2008. "Energy, environment and sustainable development," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 12(9), pages 2265-2300, December.
    37. Pant, Deepak & Singh, Anoop & Van Bogaert, Gilbert & Gallego, Yolanda Alvarez & Diels, Ludo & Vanbroekhoven, Karolien, 2011. "An introduction to the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for sustainable energy and product generation: Relevance and key aspects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(2), pages 1305-1313, February.
    38. Hou, Jian & Zhang, Peidong & Yuan, Xianzheng & Zheng, Yonghong, 2011. "Life cycle assessment of biodiesel from soybean, jatropha and microalgae in China conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(9), pages 5081-5091.
    39. Collet, Pierre & Hélias, Arnaud & Lardon, Laurent & Steyer, Jean-Philippe & Bernard, Olivier, 2015. "Recommendations for Life Cycle Assessment of algal fuels," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 1089-1102.
    40. Yanfen, Liao & Zehao, Huang & Xiaoqian, Ma, 2012. "Energy analysis and environmental impacts of microalgal biodiesel in China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 142-151.
    41. Evans, Annette & Strezov, Vladimir & Evans, Tim J., 2009. "Assessment of sustainability indicators for renewable energy technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 13(5), pages 1082-1088, June.
    42. Kathleen Araújo & Devinder Mahajan & Ryan Kerr & Marcelo da Silva, 2017. "Global Biofuels at the Crossroads: An Overview of Technical, Policy, and Investment Complexities in the Sustainability of Biofuel Development," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 7(4), pages 1-22, March.
    43. Ajay Kumar & David D. Jones & Milford A. Hanna, 2009. "Thermochemical Biomass Gasification: A Review of the Current Status of the Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 2(3), pages 1-26, July.
    44. Annie Levasseur & Pascal Lesage & Manuele Margni & Réjean Samson, 2013. "Biogenic Carbon and Temporary Storage Addressed with Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 17(1), pages 117-128, February.
    45. Edward Frank & Amgad Elgowainy & Jeongwoo Han & Zhichao Wang, 2013. "Life cycle comparison of hydrothermal liquefaction and lipid extraction pathways to renewable diesel from algae," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 18(1), pages 137-158, January.
    46. Annie Levasseur & Miguel Brandão & Pascal Lesage & Manuele Margni & David Pennington & Roland Clift & Réjean Samson, 2012. "Valuing temporary carbon storage," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 2(1), pages 6-8, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Marcin Dębowski & Izabela Świca & Joanna Kazimierowicz & Marcin Zieliński, 2022. "Large Scale Microalgae Biofuel Technology—Development Perspectives in Light of the Barriers and Limitations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-23, December.
    2. S, Prabakaran & T, Mohanraj & A, Arumugam, 2021. "Azolla pinnata methyl ester production and process optimization using a novel heterogeneous catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 353-371.
    3. Gurunathan Manikandan & P. Rajesh Kanna & Dawid Taler & Tomasz Sobota, 2023. "Review of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) as a Feedstock for Biofuel—Indian Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-17, February.
    4. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, Homa & Nizami, Abdul-Sattar & Kalogirou, Soteris A. & Gupta, Vijai Kumar & Park, Young-Kwon & Fallahi, Alireza & Sulaiman, Alawi & Ranjbari, Meisam & Rahnama, Hassan & Aghbashl, 2022. "Environmental life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: A systematic review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    5. Kheiralipour, Kamran & Khoobbakht, Mohammad & Karimi, Mahmoud, 2024. "Effect of biodiesel on environmental impacts of diesel mechanical power generation by life cycle assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 289(C).
    6. Josef Maroušek & Anna Maroušková, 2021. "Economic Considerations on Nutrient Utilization in Wastewater Management," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-16, June.
    7. Lin, Pengmusen & Yu, Xinyu & Wang, Han & Ming, Hui & Ge, Shengbo & Liu, Fang & Peng, Haowei & Sonne, Christian & Zhang, Libo, 2023. "Life cycle assessment of bio-oil prepared from low-temperature hydrothermal oxide-catalyzed cotton stalk," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    8. Tamás Mizik & Gábor Gyarmati, 2021. "Economic and Sustainability of Biodiesel Production—A Systematic Literature Review," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-18, January.
    9. Anderson Breno Souza & Alvaro Antonio Villa Ochoa & José Ângelo Peixoto da Costa & Gustavo de Novaes Pires Leite & Héber Claudius Nunes Silva & Andrezza Carolina Carneiro Tómas & David Campos Barbosa , 2023. "A Review of Tropical Organic Materials for Biodiesel as a Substitute Energy Source in Internal Combustion Engines: A Viable Solution?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-25, April.
    10. Galusnyak, Stefan Cristian & Petrescu, Letitia & Chisalita, Dora Andreea & Cormos, Calin-Cristian, 2022. "Life cycle assessment of methanol production and conversion into various chemical intermediates and products," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    11. Kouhgardi, Esmaeil & Zendehboudi, Sohrab & Mohammadzadeh, Omid & Lohi, Ali & Chatzis, Ioannis, 2023. "Current status and future prospects of biofuel production from brown algae in North America: Progress and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    12. Sun, Xun & Liu, Shuai & Manickam, Sivakumar & Tao, Yang & Yoon, Joon Yong & Xuan, Xiaoxu, 2023. "Intensification of biodiesel production by hydrodynamic cavitation: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 179(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Thomassen, Gwenny & Van Dael, Miet & Lemmens, Bert & Van Passel, Steven, 2017. "A review of the sustainability of algal-based biorefineries: Towards an integrated assessment framework," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 876-887.
    2. Praveena, V. & Martin, Leenus Jesu & Matijošius, Jonas & Aloui, Fethi & Pugazhendhi, Arivalagan & Varuvel, Edwin Geo, 2024. "A systematic review on biofuel production and utilization from algae and waste feedstocks– a circular economy approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    3. Cuevas-Castillo, Gabriela A. & Navarro-Pineda, Freddy S. & Baz Rodríguez, Sergio A. & Sacramento Rivero, Julio C., 2020. "Advances on the processing of microalgal biomass for energy-driven biorefineries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    4. Goh, Brandon Han Hoe & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Cheah, Mei Yee & Chen, Wei-Hsin & Yu, Kai Ling & Mahlia, Teuku Meurah Indra, 2019. "Sustainability of direct biodiesel synthesis from microalgae biomass: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 59-74.
    5. Rastogi, Rajesh P. & Pandey, Ashok & Larroche, Christian & Madamwar, Datta, 2018. "Algal Green Energy – R&D and technological perspectives for biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2946-2969.
    6. Togarcheti, Sarat Chandra & Mediboyina, Maneesh kumar & Chauhan, Vikas Singh & Mukherji, Suparna & Ravi, Sarada & Mudliar, Sandeep Narayan, 2017. "Life cycle assessment of microalgae based biodiesel production to evaluate the impact of biomass productivity and energy source," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 286-294.
    7. Chaudry, Sofia & Bahri, Parisa A. & Moheimani, Navid R., 2015. "Pathways of processing of wet microalgae for liquid fuel production: A critical review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1240-1250.
    8. Milano, Jassinnee & Ong, Hwai Chyuan & Masjuki, H.H. & Chong, W.T. & Lam, Man Kee & Loh, Ping Kwan & Vellayan, Viknes, 2016. "Microalgae biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuel for power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 180-197.
    9. Rawat, I. & Ranjith Kumar, R. & Mutanda, T. & Bux, F., 2013. "Biodiesel from microalgae: A critical evaluation from laboratory to large scale production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 444-467.
    10. Ennaceri, Houda & Fischer, Kristina & Schulze, Agnes & Moheimani, Navid Reza, 2022. "Membrane fouling control for sustainable microalgal biodiesel production: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    11. Mathimani, Thangavel & Mallick, Nirupama, 2018. "A comprehensive review on harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel – Key challenges and future directions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 1103-1120.
    12. Lucas Reijnders, 2013. "Lipid‐based liquid biofuels from autotrophic microalgae: energetic and environmental performance," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 2(1), pages 73-85, January.
    13. Shah, Syed Hasnain & Raja, Iftikhar Ahmed & Rizwan, Muhammad & Rashid, Naim & Mahmood, Qaisar & Shah, Fayyaz Ali & Pervez, Arshid, 2018. "Potential of microalgal biodiesel production and its sustainability perspectives in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 76-92.
    14. Fazal, Tahir & Mushtaq, Azeem & Rehman, Fahad & Ullah Khan, Asad & Rashid, Naim & Farooq, Wasif & Rehman, Muhammad Saif Ur & Xu, Jian, 2018. "Bioremediation of textile wastewater and successive biodiesel production using microalgae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3107-3126.
    15. Cheah, Wai Yan & Ling, Tau Chuan & Show, Pau Loke & Juan, Joon Ching & Chang, Jo-Shu & Lee, Duu-Jong, 2016. "Cultivation in wastewaters for energy: A microalgae platform," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 609-625.
    16. Menegazzo, Mariana Lara & Fonseca, Gustavo Graciano, 2019. "Biomass recovery and lipid extraction processes for microalgae biofuels production: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 87-107.
    17. Tamilselvan, P. & Nallusamy, N. & Rajkumar, S., 2017. "A comprehensive review on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1134-1159.
    18. Chen, Jiaxin & Li, Ji & Dong, Wenyi & Zhang, Xiaolei & Tyagi, Rajeshwar D. & Drogui, Patrick & Surampalli, Rao Y., 2018. "The potential of microalgae in biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 336-346.
    19. Giostri, A. & Binotti, M. & Macchi, E., 2016. "Microalgae cofiring in coal power plants: Innovative system layout and energy analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 449-464.
    20. Maria I. Silva & Ana L. Gonçalves & Vítor J. P. Vilar & José C. M. Pires, 2021. "Experimental and Techno-Economic Study on the Use of Microalgae for Paper Industry Effluents Remediation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-29, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:134:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120304342. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.