IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/renene/v171y2021icp1382-1394.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Practical optimal control of a wave-energy converter in regular wave environments

Author

Listed:
  • Yetkin, Mertcan
  • Kalidoss, Sudharsan
  • Curtis, Frank E.
  • Snyder, Lawrence V.
  • Banerjee, Arindam

Abstract

A generic formulation for the optimal control of a single reacting two-body point absorber type wave-energy converter (WEC) is proposed. The formulation involves hard and soft constraints on the motion of the WEC to promote reduced damage with the aim of increasing the service life of the device. Most of the WEC control literature ignores the cost of the control and could therefore result in extracting less energy than expected, or even negative energy. Therefore, to ensure actual energy gains in practice, we incorporate a penalty term in the objective function to approximate the cost of applying the control force. Based on our derivations, the cost of the control force can be approximated as a quadratic function of the input force. We also incorporate another cost term to ensure smoothness of the control force. A discretization of the resulting optimal control problem, maximizing the net energy extraction, is a quadratic optimization problem that can be solved efficiently using state-of-the-art solvers. Using hydrodynamic coefficients estimated by simulations made in WEC-Sim, numerical illustrations are provided of the trade-off between careful operation of the device and energy absorbed. Finally, a demonstration of the real-time use of the approach is provided.

Suggested Citation

  • Yetkin, Mertcan & Kalidoss, Sudharsan & Curtis, Frank E. & Snyder, Lawrence V. & Banerjee, Arindam, 2021. "Practical optimal control of a wave-energy converter in regular wave environments," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 1382-1394.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:171:y:2021:i:c:p:1382-1394
    DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.134
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096014812100313X
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.134?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yue Hong & Mikael Eriksson & Cecilia Boström & Rafael Waters, 2016. "Impact of Generator Stroke Length on Energy Production for a Direct Drive Wave Energy Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Babarit, A. & Hals, J. & Muliawan, M.J. & Kurniawan, A. & Moan, T. & Krokstad, J., 2012. "Numerical benchmarking study of a selection of wave energy converters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 44-63.
    3. Son, Daewoong & Yeung, Ronald W., 2017. "Optimizing ocean-wave energy extraction of a dual coaxial-cylinder WEC using nonlinear model predictive control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 746-757.
    4. Rico H. Hansen & Morten M. Kramer & Enrique Vidal, 2013. "Discrete Displacement Hydraulic Power Take-Off System for the Wavestar Wave Energy Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(8), pages 1-44, August.
    5. Li, Guang & Weiss, George & Mueller, Markus & Townley, Stuart & Belmont, Mike R., 2012. "Wave energy converter control by wave prediction and dynamic programming," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 392-403.
    6. Zou, Shangyan & Abdelkhalik, Ossama & Robinett, Rush & Bacelli, Giorgio & Wilson, David, 2017. "Optimal control of wave energy converters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 217-225.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Amini, Erfan & Mehdipour, Hossein & Faraggiana, Emilio & Golbaz, Danial & Mozaffari, Sevda & Bracco, Giovanni & Neshat, Mehdi, 2022. "Optimization of hydraulic power take-off system settings for point absorber wave energy converter," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 938-954.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Penalba, Markel & Ulazia, Alain & Ibarra-Berastegui, Gabriel & Ringwood, John & Sáenz, Jon, 2018. "Wave energy resource variation off the west coast of Ireland and its impact on realistic wave energy converters’ power absorption," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 205-219.
    2. Wang, Yingguang & Wang, Lifu, 2018. "Towards realistically predicting the power outputs of wave energy converters: Nonlinear simulation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 120-128.
    3. Coe, Ryan G. & Bacelli, Giorgio & Forbush, Dominic, 2021. "A practical approach to wave energy modeling and control," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    4. Penalba, Markel & Giorgi, Giussepe & Ringwood, John V., 2017. "Mathematical modelling of wave energy converters: A review of nonlinear approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1188-1207.
    5. Mazzaretto, Ottavio Mattia & Lucero, Felipe & Besio, Giovanni & Cienfuegos, Rodrigo, 2020. "Perspectives for harnessing the energetic persistent high swells reaching the coast of Chile," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 494-505.
    6. Kamarlouei, M. & Gaspar, J.F. & Calvario, M. & Hallak, T.S. & Mendes, M.J.G.C. & Thiebaut, F. & Guedes Soares, C., 2020. "Experimental analysis of wave energy converters concentrically attached on a floating offshore platform," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 1171-1185.
    7. Bechlenberg, Alva & Wei, Yanji & Jayawardhana, Bayu & Vakis, Antonis I., 2023. "Analysing the influence of power take-off adaptability on the power extraction of dense wave energy converter arrays," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 1-12.
    8. Gao, Hong & Xiao, Jie, 2021. "Effects of power take-off parameters and harvester shape on wave energy extraction and output of a hydraulic conversion system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
    9. Shabara, Mohamed A. & Abdelkhalik, Ossama, 2023. "Dynamic modeling of the motions of variable-shape wave energy converters," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    10. Chen, Weixing & Wu, Zheng & Liu, Jimu & Jin, Zhenlin & Zhang, Xiantao & Gao, Feng, 2021. "Efficiency analysis of a 3-DOF wave energy converter (SJTU-WEC) based on modeling, simulation and experiment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    11. Zou, Shangyan & Song, Jiajun & Abdelkhalik, Ossama, 2023. "A sliding mode control for wave energy converters in presence of unknown noise and nonlinearities," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 432-441.
    12. Zhang, Jincheng & Zhao, Xiaowei & Jin, Siya & Greaves, Deborah, 2022. "Phase-resolved real-time ocean wave prediction with quantified uncertainty based on variational Bayesian machine learning," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    13. Li, Liang & Gao, Yan, 2023. "Development of a real-time wave energy control with consideration of control latency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    14. Chang, Grace & Jones, Craig A. & Roberts, Jesse D. & Neary, Vincent S., 2018. "A comprehensive evaluation of factors affecting the levelized cost of wave energy conversion projects," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 344-354.
    15. Jinming Wu & Yingxue Yao & Liang Zhou & Malin Göteman, 2017. "Latching and Declutching Control of the Solo Duck Wave-Energy Converter with Different Load Types," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-18, December.
    16. Markel Penalba & John V. Ringwood, 2016. "A Review of Wave-to-Wire Models for Wave Energy Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-45, June.
    17. Yu, Hui-Feng & Zhang, Yong-Liang & Zheng, Si-Ming, 2016. "Numerical study on the performance of a wave energy converter with three hinged bodies," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 1276-1286.
    18. Adrian De Andres & Jéromine Maillet & Jørgen Hals Todalshaug & Patrik Möller & David Bould & Henry Jeffrey, 2016. "Techno-Economic Related Metrics for a Wave Energy Converters Feasibility Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(11), pages 1-19, October.
    19. Peng, Wei & Zhang, Yingnan & Zou, Qingping & Zhang, Jisheng & Li, Haoran, 2024. "Effect of varying PTO on a triple floater wave energy converter-breakwater hybrid system: An experimental study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    20. Zou, Shangyan & Abdelkhalik, Ossama, 2020. "Collective control in arrays of wave energy converters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 361-369.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:renene:v:171:y:2021:i:c:p:1382-1394. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/renewable-energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.