IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jrpoli/v98y2024ics0301420724007165.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Do natural resources influence E-government in developing countries? Effects and transmission channels

Author

Listed:
  • Imelda, Foudjo Suzie
  • Nabil Aman, Ndikeu Njoya
  • Joseph, Keneck-Massil

Abstract

E-government has taken a prominent place in the political and economical debate. Despite the vast non-consensual literature, on the effects of natural resources, very little is known about the effects of these resources on the development of e-government. This study aims to fill this gap by analyzing the effect of natural resources on the development of e-government in a panel of 121 developing countries over the period 2003–2021. Through several empirical approaches, our results show that, on average, natural resource rents negatively affect the development of e-government. Distinguishing between different types of natural resources, we note that the negative effect of natural resources on the development of e-government remains, and the magnitude is more persistent for forestry, gas and oil rents. Furthermore, the mediation analysis suggests that the negative effect of natural resources on the development of e-government is influenced by trust in institutions, the size of the informal sector, corruption, and the quality of telecommunications infrastructures.

Suggested Citation

  • Imelda, Foudjo Suzie & Nabil Aman, Ndikeu Njoya & Joseph, Keneck-Massil, 2024. "Do natural resources influence E-government in developing countries? Effects and transmission channels," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:98:y:2024:i:c:s0301420724007165
    DOI: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105349
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420724007165
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105349?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Njangang, Henri & Asongu, Simplice A. & Tadadjeu, Sosson & Nounamo, Yann & Kamguia, Brice, 2022. "Governance in mitigating the effect of oil wealth on wealth inequality: A cross-country analysis of policy thresholds," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    2. Mohamed Saadi, 2020. "Remittance Inflows and Export Complexity: New Evidence from Developing and Emerging Countries," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 56(12), pages 2266-2292, December.
    3. Bhattacharyya, Sambit & Hodler, Roland, 2010. "Natural resources, democracy and corruption," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 54(4), pages 608-621, May.
    4. Kleibergen, Frank & Paap, Richard, 2006. "Generalized reduced rank tests using the singular value decomposition," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 133(1), pages 97-126, July.
    5. Dorinet, Elizavetta & Jouvet, Pierre-André & Wolfersberger, Julien, 2021. "Is the agricultural sector cursed too? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    6. Daron Acemoglu & Amy Finkelstein & Matthew J. Notowidigdo, 2013. "Income and Health Spending: Evidence from Oil Price Shocks," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 95(4), pages 1079-1095, October.
    7. Liang Ma & Yueping Zheng, 2018. "Does e-government performance actually boost citizen use? Evidence from European countries," Public Management Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(10), pages 1513-1532, October.
    8. Jeffrey D. Sachs & Andrew M. Warner, 1995. "Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth," NBER Working Papers 5398, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    9. Antonakakis, Nikolaos & Cunado, Juncal & Filis, George & Gracia, Fernando Perez de, 2017. "Oil dependence, quality of political institutions and economic growth: A panel VAR approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 147-163.
    10. Halvor Mehlum & Karl Moene & Ragnar Torvik, 2006. "Cursed by Resources or Institutions?," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(8), pages 1117-1131, August.
    11. Xavier Sala-i-Martin & Arvind Subramanian, 2013. "Addressing the Natural Resource Curse: An Illustration from Nigeria," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 22(4), pages 570-615, August.
    12. Chon-Kyun Kim, 2014. "Anti-Corruption Initiatives and E-Government: A Cross-National Study," Public Organization Review, Springer, vol. 14(3), pages 385-396, September.
    13. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Destek, Mehmet Akif & Okumus, Ilyas & Sinha, Avik, 2019. "An empirical note on comparison between resource abundance and resource dependence in resource abundant countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 47-55.
    14. Danish, & Ulucak, Recep & Baloch, Muhammad Awais, 2023. "An empirical approach to the nexus between natural resources and environmental pollution: Do economic policy and environmental-related technologies make any difference?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    15. Carmignani, Fabrizio & Avom, Desire, 2010. "The social development effects of primary commodity export dependence," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(2), pages 317-330, December.
    16. Khan, Anupriya & Krishnan, Satish, 2019. "Conceptualizing the impact of corruption in national institutions and national stakeholder service systems on e-government maturity," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 23-36.
    17. van Krevel, Charan & Peters, Marlou, 2024. "How natural resource rents, exports, and government resource revenues determine Genuine Savings: Causal evidence from oil, gas, and coal," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 181(C).
    18. George Mavrotas & Syed Mansoob Murshed & Sebastian Torres, 2011. "Natural Resource Dependence and Economic Performance in the 1970–2000 Period," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 15(1), pages 124-138, February.
    19. David Roodman, 2009. "How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata," Stata Journal, StataCorp LP, vol. 9(1), pages 86-136, March.
    20. Mr. Carlos A Leite & Jens Weidmann, 1999. "Does Mother Nature Corrupt? Natural Resources, Corruption, and Economic Growth," IMF Working Papers 1999/085, International Monetary Fund.
    21. Arin, K. Peren & Braunfels, Elias, 2018. "The resource curse revisited: A Bayesian model averaging approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 170-178.
    22. Koenker, Roger & Bassett, Gilbert, Jr, 1982. "Tests of Linear Hypotheses and l[subscript]1 Estimation," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(6), pages 1577-1583, November.
    23. Avom, Désiré & Keneck-Massil, Joseph & Njangang, Henri & Nvuh-Njoya, Youssouf, 2022. "Why are some resource-rich countries more sophisticated than others? The role of the regime type and political ideology," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    24. Boniface Ngah Epo & Dief Reagen Nochi Faha, 2020. "Natural Resources, Institutional Quality, and Economic Growth: an African Tale," Post-Print halshs-02157588, HAL.
    25. Lashitew, Addisu A. & Werker, Eric, 2020. "Do natural resources help or hinder development? Resource abundance, dependence, and the role of institutions," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    26. Auty, R. & Warhurst, A., 1993. "Sustainable development in mineral exporting economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 19(1), pages 14-29, March.
    27. Oteng-Abayie, Eric Fosu & Duodu, Emmanuel & Mensah, Gideon & Frimpong, Prince Boakye, 2022. "Natural resource abundance, environmental sustainability, and policies and institutions for environmental sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    28. Boniface Ngah Epo & Dief Reagen Nochi Faha, 2020. "Natural Resources, Institutional Quality, and Economic Growth: an African Tale," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 32(1), pages 99-128, January.
    29. Seyfettin Erdoğan & Nigar Demircan Çakar & Recep Ulucak & Danish & Yacouba Kassouri, 2021. "The role of natural resources abundance and dependence in achieving environmental sustainability: Evidence from resource‐based economies," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 143-154, January.
    30. Rabah Arezki & Thorvaldur Gylfason, 2013. "Resource Rents, Democracy, Corruption and Conflict: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 22(4), pages 552-569, August.
    31. Mignamissi, Dieudonné & Malah Kuete, Yselle Flora, 2021. "Resource rents and happiness on a global perspective: The resource curse revisited," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    32. Chandan Sharma & Debdatta Pal, 2021. "Revisiting resource curse puzzle: new evidence from heterogeneous panel analysis," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(8), pages 897-912, February.
    33. Cockx, Lara & Francken, Nathalie, 2014. "Extending the concept of the resource curse: Natural resources and public spending on health," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 136-149.
    34. Awoa Awoa, Paul & Atangana Ondoa, Henri & Ngoa Tabi, Henri, 2022. "Women's political empowerment and natural resource curse in developing countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    35. Arellano, Manuel & Bover, Olympia, 1995. "Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 29-51, July.
    36. Hansen, Lars Peter & Singleton, Kenneth J, 1982. "Generalized Instrumental Variables Estimation of Nonlinear Rational Expectations Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 50(5), pages 1269-1286, September.
    37. Isaac Kofi Mensah & Samuel Adams, 2020. "A Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Political Trust on the Adoption of E-Government Services," International Journal of Public Administration, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(8), pages 682-696, June.
    38. Arthur Lewbel, 2012. "Using Heteroscedasticity to Identify and Estimate Mismeasured and Endogenous Regressor Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 67-80.
    39. Jonathan Isham & Michael Woolcock & Lant Pritchett & Gwen Busby, 2005. "The Varieties of Resource Experience: Natural Resource Export Structures and the Political Economy of Economic Growth," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 19(2), pages 141-174.
    40. Auty, Richard M., 2001. "The political economy of resource-driven growth," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 45(4-6), pages 839-846, May.
    41. Belarbi, Yacine & Hamdi, Fayçal & Khalfi, Abderaouf & Souam, Saïd, 2021. "Growth, institutions and oil dependence: A buffered threshold panel approach," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    42. Jakob Svensson, 2000. "Foreign aid and rent-seeking," Springer Books, in: Roger D. Congleton & Kai A. Konrad & Arye L. Hillman (ed.), 40 Years of Research on Rent Seeking 2, pages 165-189, Springer.
    43. Lythreatis, Sophie & Singh, Sanjay Kumar & El-Kassar, Abdul-Nasser, 2022. "The digital divide: A review and future research agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    44. Djimeu, Eric W. & Omgba, Luc Désiré, 2019. "Oil windfalls and export diversification in oil-producing countries: Evidence from oil booms," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 494-507.
    45. Blundell, Richard & Bond, Stephen, 1998. "Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 115-143, August.
    46. Huang, Yongming & Faraz Raza, Syed Muhammad & Usman, Muhammad, 2023. "Asymmetric role of natural resources dependence, industrialization, and foreign direct investment in China’s economic growth," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    47. Taner Turan & Halit Yanıkkaya, 2020. "Natural resource rents and capital accumulation nexus: do resource rents raise public human and physical capital expenditures?," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 22(3), pages 449-466, July.
    48. Afolabi, Joshua Adeyemi, 2023. "Natural resource rent and environmental quality nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessing the role of regulatory quality," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    49. Cockx, Lara & Francken, Nathalie, 2016. "Natural resources: A curse on education spending?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 394-408.
    50. Isaac Lyatuu & Georg Loss & Andrea Farnham & Mirko S Winkler & Günther Fink, 2021. "Short-term effects of national-level natural resource rents on life expectancy: A cross-country panel data analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(5), pages 1-13, May.
    51. Amir Mousavi & Jeremy Clark, 2021. "The effects of natural resources on human capital accumulation: A literature survey," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(4), pages 1073-1117, September.
    52. Kamguia, Brice & Keneck-Massil, Joseph & Nvuh-Njoya, Youssouf & Tadadjeu, Sosson, 2022. "Natural resources and innovation: Is the R&D sector cursed too?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    53. Sosson Tadadjeu & Paul Ningaye & Henri Njangang, 2023. "Are natural resources also bad for infrastructure quality?," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(6), pages 1053-1079, August.
    54. repec:oup:jafrec:v:22:y:2013:i:4:p:-569 is not listed on IDEAS
    55. Lijun Chen & Apetogbo Komlan Aklikokou, 2020. "Determinants of E-government Adoption: Testing the Mediating Effects of Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use," International Journal of Public Administration, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(10), pages 850-865, July.
    56. Kolstad, Ivar & Wiig, Arne, 2012. "Testing The Pearl Hypothesis: Natural resources and trust," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 358-367.
    57. Youssouf Nvuh-Njoya & François Colin Nkoa & Irene Jenipher Ntolo-Memang & Flora Yselle Malah Kuété, 2023. "On the Historical Foundation of Women’s Self-Employment in Africa," Revue d'économie politique, Dalloz, vol. 133(4), pages 541-568.
    58. Waliu Olawale Shittu & Hammed Oluwaseyi Musibau & Sodiq Olaiwola Jimoh, 2022. "The complementary roles of human capital and institutional quality on natural resource - FDI—economic growth Nexus in the MENA region," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(6), pages 7936-7957, June.
    59. Kamguia, Brice & Tadadjeu, Sosson & Miamo, Clovis & Njangang, Henri, 2022. "Does foreign aid impede economic complexity in developing countries?," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 71-88.
    60. Atsushi Iimi, 2007. "Escaping from the Resource Curse: Evidence from Botswana and the Rest of the World," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 54(4), pages 663-699, November.
    61. Andersen, Thomas Barnebeck, 2009. "E-Government as an anti-corruption strategy," Information Economics and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 21(3), pages 201-210, August.
    62. Segal, Paul, 2011. "Resource Rents, Redistribution, and Halving Global Poverty: The Resource Dividend," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 39(4), pages 475-489, April.
    63. Kpognon, Koffi D., 2022. "Effect of Natural Resources on the Size of Informal Economy in sub-Saharan Africa: An Empirical Investigation," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-14.
    64. Marques, António Cardoso & Pires, Patrícia Silva, 2019. "Is there a resource curse phenomenon for natural gas? Evidence from countries with abundant natural gas," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.
    65. Bulte, Erwin H. & Damania, Richard & Deacon, Robert T., 2005. "Resource intensity, institutions, and development," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 33(7), pages 1029-1044, July.
    66. Aladwani, Adel M., 2016. "Corruption as a source of e-Government projects failure in developing countries: A theoretical exposition," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 36(1), pages 105-112.
    67. Isabel-Maria Garcia-Sanchez & Beatriz Cuadrado-Ballesteros & Jose-Valeriano Frias-Aceituno, 2012. "Determinants of E-Government Development: Some Methodological Issues," Journal of Management and Strategy, Journal of Management and Strategy, Sciedu Press, vol. 3(3), pages 11-20, June.
    68. Sachs, Jeffrey D. & Warner, Andrew M., 2001. "The curse of natural resources," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 45(4-6), pages 827-838, May.
    69. Tadadjeu, Sosson & Njangang, Henri & Woldemichael, Andinet, 2023. "Are resource-rich countries less responsive to global warming? Oil wealth and climate change policy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Kamguia, Brice & Keneck-Massil, Joseph & Nvuh-Njoya, Youssouf & Tadadjeu, Sosson, 2022. "Natural resources and innovation: Is the R&D sector cursed too?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    2. Alssadek, Marwan & Benhin, James, 2023. "Natural resource curse: A literature survey and comparative assessment of regional groupings of oil-rich countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    3. Tsopmo, Pierre Christian & Mbouombouo Vessah, Salim Ahmed & Soumtang Bime, Valentine & Mondjeli Mwa Ndjokou, Itchoko Motande, 2024. "Do African countries avoid the curse of natural resources on social cohesion?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    4. Mignamissi, Dieudonné & Malah Kuete, Yselle Flora, 2021. "Resource rents and happiness on a global perspective: The resource curse revisited," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    5. Ruba A. Aljarallah & Andrew Angus, 2020. "Dilemma of Natural Resource Abundance: A Case Study of Kuwait," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(1), pages 21582440198, January.
    6. Njangang, Henri & Asongu, Simplice A. & Tadadjeu, Sosson & Nounamo, Yann & Kamguia, Brice, 2022. "Governance in mitigating the effect of oil wealth on wealth inequality: A cross-country analysis of policy thresholds," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    7. Ongo Nkoa, Bruno Emmanuel & Tadadjeu, Sosson & Njangang, Henri, 2023. "Rich in the dark: Natural resources and energy poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    8. Avom, Désiré & Keneck-Massil, Joseph & Njangang, Henri & Nvuh-Njoya, Youssouf, 2022. "Why are some resource-rich countries more sophisticated than others? The role of the regime type and political ideology," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    9. Bitoto, Fabrice Ewolo & Nkoa Ongo, Emmanuel Bruno, 2024. "Natural resource rents and public spending on education in Africa: Does women's political empowerment matter?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    10. Armand Totouom, 2023. "Oil dependency, political institutions, and urban–rural disparities in access to electricity in Africa," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 47(1), pages 114-133, February.
    11. Tadadjeu, Sosson & Njangang, Henri & Asongu, Simplice A. & Kamguia, Brice, 2023. "Natural resources, child mortality and governance quality in African countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    12. Tadadjeu, Sosson & Njangang, Henri & Ningaye, Paul & Nourou, Mohammadou, 2020. "Linking natural resource dependence and access to water and sanitation in African countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    13. Ongo Nkoa, Bruno Emmanuel & Song, Jacques Simon & Minkoue Bikoula, Brice, 2024. "Natural resource rents in developing countries: Is the positive influence on the fragilities real?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    14. Chandan Sharma & Ritesh Kumar Mishra, 2022. "On the Good and Bad of Natural Resource, Corruption, and Economic Growth Nexus," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 82(4), pages 889-922, August.
    15. Lotfalipour, Mohammad Reza & sargolzaie, Ali & Salehnia, Narges, 2022. "Natural resources: A curse on welfare?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    16. Tadadjeu, Sosson & Njangang, Henri & Woldemichael, Andinet, 2023. "Are resource-rich countries less responsive to global warming? Oil wealth and climate change policy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    17. Bildirici, Melike E. & Gokmenoglu, Seyit M., 2020. "Precious metal abundance and economic growth: Evidence from top precious metal producer countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    18. Ongo Nkoa, Bruno Emmanuel & Ewolo Bitoto, Fabrice & Bikoula Minkoe, Séraphin Brice, 2024. "Resource dependence and life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa: Does financial sector stability break the curse?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    19. Awoa Awoa, Paul & Oyono, Jean Cedric & Ngah Atangana, Bénédicte & Okere Atanga, Donald & Zeh, Inès Perolde, 2022. "Natural resource and entrepreneurship: Economic freedom matters," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    20. Valentine, Soumtang Bime & Itchoko Motande, Mondjeli Mwa Ndjokou & Salim Ahmed, Vessah Mbouombouo, 2024. "Revisiting natural resources and economic complexity nexus: Does financial development matter in developing countries?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    E-government; Natural resources; Developing countries;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O50 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - General
    • Q33 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation - - - Resource Booms (Dutch Disease)
    • Q38 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation - - - Government Policy (includes OPEC Policy)
    • O13 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products
    • O33 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jrpoli:v:98:y:2024:i:c:s0301420724007165. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/30467 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.