IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/joreco/v67y2022ics0969698922001266.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Fitness Apps's purchase behaviour: Amalgamation of Stimulus-Organism-Behaviour-Consequence framework (S–O–B–C) and the innovation resistance theory (IRT)

Author

Listed:
  • Chakraborty, Debarun
  • Singu, Hari Babu
  • Patre, Smruti

Abstract

With the rise in popularity and use of fitness apps, more research is needed to learn more about how people use the apps so that they keep using them. Stimulus-Organism-Behaviour-Consequence framework (S–O–B–C) and the Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT) together in this study to learn more about how people make decisions about how to use apps for fitness. Eight hundred and fifty-eight users of various fitness apps have responded to the questionnaire. Results show that people who are open to changing their fitness systems from traditional to app-based services enjoy new experiences and new product behaviours. For them, the perceived functional barriers to service adoption don't hold them back. At the same time the users of fitness apps try to get health and fitness information from as many sources as possible, like friends, peer groups, the newspaper and social networking apps. Users with a high level of health consciousness are more likely to be active in their health and fitness. People who use apps make decisions based on new information from the integrated model. App providers should think about how to get and keep users interested in their apps, personalise their experience, and design features that make users invested in the apps.

Suggested Citation

  • Chakraborty, Debarun & Singu, Hari Babu & Patre, Smruti, 2022. "Fitness Apps's purchase behaviour: Amalgamation of Stimulus-Organism-Behaviour-Consequence framework (S–O–B–C) and the innovation resistance theory (IRT)," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:joreco:v:67:y:2022:i:c:s0969698922001266
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103033
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698922001266
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103033?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Michael Antioco & Mirella Kleijnen, 2010. "Consumer adoption of technological innovations : Effects of psychological and functional barriers in a lack of content versus a presence of content situation," Post-Print hal-02312561, HAL.
    2. Prakash, Ashish Viswanath & Das, Saini, 2022. "Explaining citizens’ resistance to use digital contact tracing apps: A mixed-methods study," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    3. Roh, Taewoo & Seok, Junhee & Kim, Yaeri, 2022. "Unveiling ways to reach organic purchase: Green perceived value, perceived knowledge, attitude, subjective norm, and trust," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    4. Salvador Angosto & Jerónimo García-Fernández & Irena Valantine & Moisés Grimaldi-Puyana, 2020. "The Intention to Use Fitness and Physical Activity Apps: A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-25, August.
    5. Masukujjaman, Mohammad & Alam, Syed Shah & Siwar, Chamhuri & Halim, Sharina Abdul, 2021. "Purchase intention of renewable energy technology in rural areas in Bangladesh: Empirical evidence," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 639-651.
    6. Jo-Hung Yu & Gordon Chih-Ming Ku & Yu-Chih Lo & Che-Hsiu Chen & Chin-Hsien Hsu, 2021. "Identifying the Antecedents of University Students’ Usage Behaviour of Fitness Apps," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-13, August.
    7. Kaur, Puneet & Dhir, Amandeep & Bodhi, Rahul & Singh, Tripti & Almotairi, Mohammad, 2020. "Why do people use and recommend m-wallets?," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    8. Lo, Fang-Yi & Yu, Tiffany Hui-Kuang & Chen, Hsin-Hao, 2020. "Purchasing intention and behavior in the sharing economy: Mediating effects of APP assessments," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 93-102.
    9. Fred D. Davis & Richard P. Bagozzi & Paul R. Warshaw, 1989. "User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 35(8), pages 982-1003, August.
    10. Daniel Belanche & Marta Flavián & Alfredo Pérez-Rueda, 2020. "Mobile Apps Use and WOM in the Food Delivery Sector: The Role of Planned Behavior, Perceived Security and Customer Lifestyle Compatibility," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-21, May.
    11. Bigne, Enrique & Chatzipanagiotou, Kalliopi & Ruiz, Carla, 2020. "Pictorial content, sequence of conflicting online reviews and consumer decision-making: The stimulus-organism-response model revisited," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 403-416.
    12. Tsai, Yao-Te & Tiwasing, Praewwanit, 2021. "Customers’ intention to adopt smart lockers in last-mile delivery service: A multi-theory perspective," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    13. Qian Chen & Yaobin Lu & Yeming Gong & Qing Tang, 2019. "Why do users resist service organization’s brand mobile apps? The force of barriers versus cross-channel synergy," Post-Print hal-02312265, HAL.
    14. Chen, Chia-Chen & Hsiao, Kuo-Lun & Li, Wan-Chen, 2020. "Exploring the determinants of usage continuance willingness for location-based apps: A case study of bicycle-based exercise apps," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    15. Chakraborty, Debarun & Siddiqui, Aaliyah & Siddiqui, Mujahid & Rana, Nripendra P. & Dash, Ganesh, 2022. "Mobile payment apps filling value gaps: Integrating consumption values with initial trust and customer involvement," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    16. Muhammad, Lakhi & Gul-E-Rana,, 2020. "Mediating role of customer forgiveness between perceived justice and satisfaction," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    17. M. Antioco & M. Kleijnen, 2010. "Consumer adoption of technological innovations Effects of psychological and functional barriers in a lack of content versus a presence of content situation," Post-Print hal-00387308, HAL.
    18. Nagaraj, Samala, 2021. "Role of consumer health consciousness, food safety & attitude on organic food purchase in emerging market: A serial mediation model," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    19. Kleijnen, Mirella & Lee, Nick & Wetzels, Martin, 2009. "An exploration of consumer resistance to innovation and its antecedents," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 344-357, June.
    20. Han-Shen Chen & Bi-Kun Tsai & Chi-Ming Hsieh, 2018. "The Effects of Perceived Barriers on Innovation Resistance of Hydrogen-Electric Motorcycles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-15, June.
    21. Philipp Kruse & Dominika Wach & Sílvia Costa & Juan Antonio Moriano, 2019. "Values Matter, Don’t They? – Combining Theory of Planned Behavior and Personal Values as Predictors of Social Entrepreneurial Intention," Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(1), pages 55-83, January.
    22. Kumar, Sushant & Dhir, Amandeep & Talwar, Shalini & Chakraborty, Debarun & Kaur, Puneet, 2021. "What drives brand love for natural products? The moderating role of household size," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    23. Seth, Himanshu & Talwar, Shalini & Bhatia, Anuj & Saxena, Akanksha & Dhir, Amandeep, 2020. "Consumer resistance and inertia of retail investors: Development of the resistance adoption inertia continuance (RAIC) framework," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    24. Hew, Jun-Jie & Leong, Lai-Ying & Tan, Garry Wei-Han & Ooi, Keng-Boon & Lee, Voon-Hsien, 2019. "The age of mobile social commerce: An Artificial Neural Network analysis on its resistances," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 311-324.
    25. Chen, Peng-Ting & Kuo, Shu-Chen, 2017. "Innovation resistance and strategic implications of enterprise social media websites in Taiwan through knowledge sharing perspective," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 55-69.
    26. Westaby, James D., 2005. "Behavioral reasoning theory: Identifying new linkages underlying intentions and behavior," Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Elsevier, vol. 98(2), pages 97-120, November.
    27. Newsom, Jason T. & McFarland, Bentson H. & Kaplan, Mark S. & Huguet, Nathalie & Zani, Brigid, 2005. "The health consciousness myth: implications of the near independence of major health behaviors in the North American population," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 60(2), pages 433-437, January.
    28. Yan, Min & Filieri, Raffaele & Gorton, Matthew, 2021. "Continuance intention of online technologies: A systematic literature review," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    29. Tandon, Anushree & Kaur, Puneet & Bhatt, Yogesh & Mäntymäki, Matti & Dhir, Amandeep, 2021. "Why do people purchase from food delivery apps? A consumer value perspective," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    30. Reyees Farooq, 2016. "Role of structural equation modeling in scale development," Journal of Advances in Management Research, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 13(1), pages 75-91, May.
    31. Zhou, Min & Zhao, Lindu & Kong, Nan & Campy, Kathryn S. & Xu, Ge & Zhu, Guiju & Cao, Xianye & Wang, Song, 2020. "Understanding consumers’ behavior to adopt self-service parcel services for last-mile delivery," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    32. Chopdar, Prasanta Kr & Paul, Justin & Korfiatis, Nikolaos & Lytras, Miltiadis D., 2022. "Examining the role of consumer impulsiveness in multiple app usage behavior among mobile shoppers," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 657-669.
    33. MacKenzie, Scott B. & Podsakoff, Philip M., 2012. "Common Method Bias in Marketing: Causes, Mechanisms, and Procedural Remedies," Journal of Retailing, Elsevier, vol. 88(4), pages 542-555.
    34. Driediger, Fabian & Bhatiasevi, Veera, 2019. "Online grocery shopping in Thailand: Consumer acceptance and usage behavior," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 224-237.
    35. María Núñez-Fernández & Héctor Hugo Pérez-Villarreal & Yesica Mayett-Moreno, 2021. "Comparing Models with Positive Anticipated Emotions, Food Values, Attitudes and Subjective Norms as Influential Factors in Fast-Food Purchase Intention during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Two Channels: Re," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-16, November.
    36. Martins, José & Costa, Catarina & Oliveira, Tiago & Gonçalves, Ramiro & Branco, Frederico, 2019. "How smartphone advertising influences consumers' purchase intention," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 378-387.
    37. Henner Gimpel & Tobias Manner-Romberg & Fabian Schmied & Till J. Winkler, 2021. "Understanding the evaluation of mHealth app features based on a cross-country Kano analysis," Electronic Markets, Springer;IIM University of St. Gallen, vol. 31(4), pages 765-794, December.
    38. John Hulland & Hans Baumgartner & Keith Marion Smith, 2018. "Marketing survey research best practices: evidence and recommendations from a review of JAMS articles," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 92-108, January.
    39. Robert Harmel & Yao‐Yuan Yeh, 2019. "Impacts of Internet on Openness to Change in China: Millennials Versus Pre‐Millennials," Social Science Quarterly, Southwestern Social Science Association, vol. 100(5), pages 1744-1754, August.
    40. Gupta, Anil & Arora, Neelika, 2017. "Understanding determinants and barriers of mobile shopping adoption using behavioral reasoning theory," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 1-7.
    41. Naresh K. Malhotra & Sung S. Kim & Ashutosh Patil, 2006. "Common Method Variance in IS Research: A Comparison of Alternative Approaches and a Reanalysis of Past Research," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 52(12), pages 1865-1883, December.
    42. Hsu, Chin-Lung & Lu, Hsi-Peng & Hsu, Huei-Hsia, 2007. "Adoption of the mobile Internet: An empirical study of multimedia message service (MMS)," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 715-726, December.
    43. Chen, Chia-Chen & Chang, Chin-Hsuan & Hsiao, Kuo-Lun, 2022. "Exploring the factors of using mobile ticketing applications: Perspectives from innovation resistance theory," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    44. Matsuo, Makoto & Minami, Chieko & Matsuyama, Takuya, 2018. "Social influence on innovation resistance in internet banking services," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 42-51.
    45. Kim, Minseong, 2021. "Conceptualization of e-servicescapes in the fitness applications and wearable devices context: Multi-dimensions, consumer satisfaction, and behavioral intention," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    46. Cruz-Cárdenas, Jorge & Zabelina, Ekaterina & Deyneka, Olga & Guadalupe-Lanas, Jorge & Velín-Fárez, Margarita, 2019. "Role of demographic factors, attitudes toward technology, and cultural values in the prediction of technology-based consumer behaviors: A study in developing and emerging countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    47. Laukkanen, Tommi, 2016. "Consumer adoption versus rejection decisions in seemingly similar service innovations: The case of the Internet and mobile banking," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(7), pages 2432-2439.
    48. Talwar, Shalini & Talwar, Manish & Kaur, Puneet & Dhir, Amandeep, 2020. "Consumers’ resistance to digital innovations: A systematic review and framework development," Australasian marketing journal, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 286-299.
    49. Sadiq, Mohd & Adil, Mohd & Paul, Justin, 2021. "An innovation resistance theory perspective on purchase of eco-friendly cosmetics," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    50. Chen, Qian & Lu, Yaobin & Gong, Yeming (Yale) & Tang, Qing, 2019. "Why do users resist service organization’s brand mobile apps? The force of barriers versus cross-channel synergy," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 274-282.
    51. Chakraborty, Debarun & Siddiqui, Aaliyah & Siddiqui, Mujahid & Mohmmad H Alatawi, Fatmah, 2022. "Exploring consumer purchase intentions and behavior of buying ayurveda products using SOBC framework," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    52. Amandeep Dhir & Shalini Talwar & Mohd Sadiq & Mototaka Sakashita & Puneet Kaur, 2021. "Green apparel buying behaviour: A Stimulus–Organism–Behaviour–Consequence (SOBC) perspective on sustainability‐oriented consumption in Japan," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(8), pages 3589-3605, December.
    53. Kuo Cheng Chung & Silvia Wan-Ju Liang, 2020. "Understanding Factors Affecting Innovation Resistance of Mobile Payments in Taiwan: An Integrative Perspective," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-19, October.
    54. Hansen, Torben & Sørensen, Maria Ingerslev & Eriksen, Marie-Louise Riewerts, 2018. "How the interplay between consumer motivations and values influences organic food identity and behavior," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 39-52.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Chakraborty, Debarun & Siddiqui, Mujahid & Siddiqui, Aaliyah & Paul, Justin & Dash, Ganesh & Mas, Francesca Dal, 2023. "Watching is valuable: Consumer views – Content consumption on OTT platforms," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    2. Tsai, Pei-Hsuan & Wang, Ying-Wei & Chang, Wen-Chang, 2023. "Hybrid MADM-based study of key risk factors in house-for-pension reverse mortgage lending in Taiwan's banking industry," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    3. Dash, Ganesh & Alharthi, Majed & Albarrak, Mansour & Aggarwal, Shalini, 2024. "Saudi millennials’ panic buying behavior during pandemic and post-pandemic: Role of social media addiction and religious values and commitment," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 79(C).
    4. Agarwal, Reeti & Mehrotra, Ankit & Sharma, Veenu & Papa, Armando & Malibari, Areej, 2023. "Over-the-top (OTT) retailing in the post pandemic world. Unveiling consumer drivers and barriers using a qualitative study," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Huang, Dan & Jin, Xin & Coghlan, Alexandra, 2021. "Advances in consumer innovation resistance research: A review and research agenda," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    2. Talwar, Shalini & Talwar, Manish & Kaur, Puneet & Dhir, Amandeep, 2020. "Consumers’ resistance to digital innovations: A systematic review and framework development," Australasian marketing journal, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 286-299.
    3. Hew, Jun-Jie & Lee, Voon-Hsien & Leong, Lai-Ying, 2023. "Why do mobile consumers resist mobile commerce applications? A hybrid fsQCA-ANN analysis," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    4. Mahmud, Hasan & Islam, A.K.M. Najmul & Mitra, Ranjan Kumar, 2023. "What drives managers towards algorithm aversion and how to overcome it? Mitigating the impact of innovation resistance through technology readiness," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    5. Kumar, Sushant & Talwar, Shalini & Krishnan, Satish & Kaur, Puneet & Dhir, Amandeep, 2021. "Purchasing natural personal care products in the era of fake news? The moderation effect of brand trust," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    6. Fu, Shihui & Xue, Kunkun & Yang, Mengya & Wang, Xiaona, 2023. "An exploratory study on users' resistance to mobile app updates: Using netnography and fsQCA," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    7. Nel, Jacques & Boshoff, Christo, 2021. "“I just don't like digital-only banks, and you should not use them either†: Traditional-bank customers' opposition to using digital-only banks," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    8. Siddiqui, Mujahid & Chakraborty, Debarun & Siddiqui, Aaliyah, 2023. "Consumers buying behaviour towards agri-food products: A mixed-method approach," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    9. Talwar, Shalini & Dhir, Amandeep & Scuotto, Veronica & Kaur, Puneet, 2021. "Barriers and paradoxical recommendation behaviour in online to offline (O2O) services. A convergent mixed-method study," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 25-39.
    10. Perez-Aranda, Javier & González Robles, Eva M. & Alarcón Urbistondo, Pilar, 2023. "Understanding antecedents of continuance and revisit intentions: The case of sport apps," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    11. Faten Baklouti & Fayçal Boukamcha, 2024. "Consumer resistance to internet banking services: implications for the innovation resistance theory," Journal of Financial Services Marketing, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 29(2), pages 364-376, June.
    12. Agarwal, Reeti & Mehrotra, Ankit & Sharma, Veenu & Papa, Armando & Malibari, Areej, 2023. "Over-the-top (OTT) retailing in the post pandemic world. Unveiling consumer drivers and barriers using a qualitative study," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    13. Friedman, Nicola & Ormiston, Jarrod, 2022. "Blockchain as a sustainability-oriented innovation?: Opportunities for and resistance to Blockchain technology as a driver of sustainability in global food supply chains," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    14. Ye Sang & Heeseung Yu & Eunkyoung Han, 2022. "Understanding the Barriers to Consumer Purchasing of Zero-Waste Products," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-20, December.
    15. Chawla, Umesh & Verma, Balraj & Mittal, Amit, 2024. "Resistance to O2O technology platform adoption among small retailers: The influence of visibility and discoverability," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    16. Anshu, Kumari & Shankar, Amit & Behl, Abhishek & Pereira, Vijay & Laker, Benjamin, 2022. "Impact of barriers of value co-creation on consumers' innovation resistance behavior: Investigating the moderation role of the DART model," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
    17. Chakraborty, Debarun & Siddiqui, Mujahid & Siddiqui, Aaliyah & Paul, Justin & Dash, Ganesh & Mas, Francesca Dal, 2023. "Watching is valuable: Consumer views – Content consumption on OTT platforms," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    18. Dash, Ganesh & Sharma, Kiran & Yadav, Neha, 2023. "The diffusion of mobile payments: Profiling the adopters and non-adopters, Roger's way," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    19. Tarikul Islam & Erhua Zhou, 2024. "Unpacking the Reasons Shaping Employee Acceptance and Attitudes towards AI Assistant Services in the Hotel Industry: A Behavioral Reasoning Perspective," Advances in Management and Applied Economics, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 14(5), pages 1-7.
    20. Sadiq, Mohd & Adil, Mohd & Paul, Justin, 2021. "An innovation resistance theory perspective on purchase of eco-friendly cosmetics," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:joreco:v:67:y:2022:i:c:s0969698922001266. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-retailing-and-consumer-services .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.