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A fast and accurate kernel-based independence test with applications to high-dimensional and functional data

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  • Zhang, Jin-Ting
  • Zhu, Tianming

Abstract

Testing the dependency between two random variables is an important inference problem in statistics since many statistical procedures rely on the assumption that the two samples are independent. To test whether two samples are independent, a so-called HSIC (Hilbert–Schmidt Independence Criterion)-based test has been proposed. Its null distribution is approximated either by permutation or a Gamma approximation. In this paper, a new HSIC-based test is proposed. Its asymptotic null and alternative distributions are established. It is shown that the proposed test is root-n consistent. A three-cumulant matched chi-squared-approximation is adopted to approximate the null distribution of the test statistic. By choosing a proper reproducing kernel, the proposed test can be applied to many different types of data including multivariate, high-dimensional, and functional data. Three simulation studies and two real data applications show that in terms of level accuracy, power, and computational cost, the proposed test outperforms several existing tests for multivariate, high-dimensional, and functional data.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Jin-Ting & Zhu, Tianming, 2024. "A fast and accurate kernel-based independence test with applications to high-dimensional and functional data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jmvana:v:202:y:2024:i:c:s0047259x24000277
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jmva.2024.105320
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Niklas Pfister & Peter Bühlmann & Bernhard Schölkopf & Jonas Peters, 2018. "Kernel‐based tests for joint independence," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 80(1), pages 5-31, January.
    2. Zhou, Yang & Lin, Shu-Chin & Wang, Jane-Ling, 2018. "Local and global temporal correlations for longitudinal data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 1-14.
    3. Zhang, Jin-Ting & Guo, Jia & Zhou, Bu, 2024. "Testing equality of several distributions in separable metric spaces: A maximum mean discrepancy based approach," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 239(2).
    4. Jin-Ting Zhang, 2005. "Approximate and Asymptotic Distributions of Chi-Squared-Type Mixtures With Applications," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 100, pages 273-285, March.
    5. Qiu, Tao & Xu, Wangli & Zhu, Lixing, 2023. "Independence tests with random subspace of two random vectors in high dimension," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    6. Dubin, Joel A. & Muller, Hans-Georg, 2005. "Dynamical Correlation for Multivariate Longitudinal Data," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 100, pages 872-881, September.
    7. Zhu, Tianming & Zhang, Jin-Ting & Cheng, Ming-Yen, 2022. "One-way MANOVA for functional data via Lawley–Hotelling trace test," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
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