IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jbfina/v68y2016icp1-11.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Financial development and the effectiveness of monetary policy

Author

Listed:
  • Ma, Yong
  • Lin, Xingkai

Abstract

This paper investigates the relationship between financial development and the effectiveness of monetary policy using panel data from 41 economies. The results show that the effects of monetary policy on output and inflation are significantly and negatively correlated with financial development, indicating that the effectiveness of monetary policy declines as the financial system becomes more developed. This finding is robust across all the different specifications and estimation methods examined. Our paper provides new evidence and insights to the long-standing debate on the relationship between financial development and the effectiveness of monetary policy.

Suggested Citation

  • Ma, Yong & Lin, Xingkai, 2016. "Financial development and the effectiveness of monetary policy," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 1-11.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbfina:v:68:y:2016:i:c:p:1-11
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.03.002
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378426616300048
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2016.03.002?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Khan, Aubhik, 2001. "Financial Development And Economic Growth," Macroeconomic Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 5(3), pages 413-433, June.
    2. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/5euk7d0f8t81prfu1k2sspdcok is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Mr. Luc Laeven & Mr. Fabian Valencia, 2010. "Resolution of Banking Crises: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly," IMF Working Papers 2010/146, International Monetary Fund.
    4. Ashcraft, Adam B. & Campello, Murillo, 2007. "Firm balance sheets and monetary policy transmission," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(6), pages 1515-1528, September.
    5. Frederic S. Mishkin, 2009. "Is Monetary Policy Effective during Financial Crises?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 99(2), pages 573-577, May.
    6. Beck, Thorsten & Levine, Ross, 2004. "Stock markets, banks, and growth: Panel evidence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 423-442, March.
    7. Friedrich, Christian, 2016. "Global inflation dynamics in the post-crisis period: What explains the puzzles?," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 142(C), pages 31-34.
    8. Djankov, Simeon & McLiesh, Caralee & Shleifer, Andrei, 2007. "Private credit in 129 countries," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(2), pages 299-329, May.
    9. Ross Levine, 1997. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 35(2), pages 688-726, June.
    10. La Porta, Rafael & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, 1997. "Legal Determinants of External Finance," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 52(3), pages 1131-1150, July.
    11. Levine, Ross, 2005. "Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence," Handbook of Economic Growth, in: Philippe Aghion & Steven Durlauf (ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 12, pages 865-934, Elsevier.
    12. Ben S. Bernanke & Mark Gertler, 1995. "Inside the Black Box: The Credit Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 9(4), pages 27-48, Fall.
    13. Asli Demirgüç-Kunt & Erik Feyen & Ross Levine, 2013. "The Evolving Importance of Banks and Securities Markets," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 27(3), pages 476-490.
    14. Ross Levine & Norman Loayza & Thorsten Beck, 2002. "Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes," Central Banking, Analysis, and Economic Policies Book Series, in: Leonardo Hernández & Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel & Norman Loayza (Series Editor) & Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel (Se (ed.),Banking, Financial Integration, and International Crises, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 2, pages 031-084, Central Bank of Chile.
    15. Hausman, Jerry, 2015. "Specification tests in econometrics," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 38(2), pages 112-134.
    16. Mullineux, A., 1994. "Financial Innovation and Monetary Policy in the UK," Papers 94-03, University of Birmingham - International Financial Group.
    17. Aysun, Uluc & Brady, Ryan & Honig, Adam, 2013. "Financial frictions and the strength of monetary transmission," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 1097-1119.
    18. Blundell, Richard & Bond, Stephen, 1998. "Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 115-143, August.
    19. Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer & Robert W. Vishny, 1998. "Law and Finance," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 106(6), pages 1113-1155, December.
    20. Esteban Gómez & Diego Vásquez & Camilo Zea, 2005. "Derivative Markets' Impact On Colombian Monetary Policy," Borradores de Economia 2277, Banco de la Republica.
    21. Demirguc-Kunt, Ash & Levine, Ross, 1996. "Stock Market Development and Financial Intermediaries: Stylized Facts," The World Bank Economic Review, World Bank, vol. 10(2), pages 291-321, May.
    22. Hendry, David F. & Ericsson, Neil R., 1991. "Modeling the demand for narrow money in the United Kingdom and the United States," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 35(4), pages 833-881, May.
    23. Jeremy C. Stein & Anil K. Kashyap, 2000. "What Do a Million Observations on Banks Say about the Transmission of Monetary Policy?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(3), pages 407-428, June.
    24. Bekaert, Geert & Harvey, Campbell R. & Lundblad, Christian, 2011. "Financial Openness and Productivity," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 1-19, January.
    25. Stephen G. Cecchetti, 2001. "Legal Structure, Financial Structure and the Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Deutsche Bundesbank (ed.), The Monetary Transmission Process, chapter 5, pages 170-207, Palgrave Macmillan.
    26. Hassan, M. Kabir & Sanchez, Benito & Yu, Jung-Suk, 2011. "Financial development and economic growth: New evidence from panel data," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 88-104, February.
    27. Levine, Ross, 2002. "Bank-Based or Market-Based Financial Systems: Which Is Better?," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 11(4), pages 398-428, October.
    28. Hakan Berument & Burak Doan, 2003. "Openness and the effectiveness of monetary policy: empirical evidence from Turkey," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 10(4), pages 217-221.
    29. Ciccarelli, Matteo & Maddaloni, Angela & Peydró, José-Luis, 2015. "Trusting the bankers: A new look at the credit channel of monetary policy," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 18(4), pages 979-1002.
    30. Beck, Thorsten & Lundberg, Mattias & Majnoni, Giovanni, 2006. "Financial intermediary development and growth volatility: Do intermediaries dampen or magnify shocks?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(7), pages 1146-1167, November.
    31. Sami Alpanda & Uluc Aysun, 2012. "Global Banking and the Balance Sheet Channel of Monetary Transmission," International Journal of Central Banking, International Journal of Central Banking, vol. 8(3), pages 141-175, September.
    32. Aysun, Uluc & Hepp, Ralf, 2011. "Securitization and the balance sheet channel of monetary transmission," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(8), pages 2111-2122, August.
    33. Creel, Jérôme & Hubert, Paul & Labondance, Fabien, 2015. "Financial stability and economic performance," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 25-40.
    34. Elbourne, Adam & de Haan, Jakob, 2006. "Financial structure and monetary policy transmission in transition countries," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 1-23, March.
    35. Luis Carranza & Jose E. Galdon‐Sanchez & Javier Gomez‐Biscarri, 2010. "Understanding the Relationship between Financial Development and Monetary Policy," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(5), pages 849-864, November.
    36. John C. Williams, 2010. "Sailing into headwinds: the uncertain outlook for the U.S. economy," Speech 85, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.
    37. Mr. Peter J Montiel & Mr. Antonio Spilimbergo & Ms. Prachi Mishra, 2010. "Monetary Transmission in Low Income Countries," IMF Working Papers 2010/223, International Monetary Fund.
    38. Simeon Djankov & Oliver Hart & Caralee McLiesh & Andrei Shleifer, 2008. "Debt Enforcement around the World," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 116(6), pages 1105-1149, December.
    39. Zhang, Jin & Wang, Lanfang & Wang, Susheng, 2012. "Financial development and economic growth: Recent evidence from China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(3), pages 393-412.
    40. Elena Loutskina & Philip E. Strahan, 2009. "Securitization and the Declining Impact of Bank Finance on Loan Supply: Evidence from Mortgage Originations," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 64(2), pages 861-889, April.
    41. Karras, Georgios, 1999. "Openness and the effects of monetary policy," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 13-26, January.
    42. Stephen G. Cecchetti & Stefan Krause, 2001. "Financial Structure, Macroeconomic Stability and Monetary Policy," NBER Working Papers 8354, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    43. Leonardo Gambacorta & David Marques-Ibanez, 2011. "The bank lending channel: lessons from the crisis [Financial intermediaries and monetary economics]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 26(66), pages 135-182.
    44. Adam Elbourne & Jakob de Haan & Jakob de Haan, 2004. "Asymmetric Monetary Transmission in EMU: The Robustness of VAR Conclusions and Cecchetti’s Legal Family Theory," CESifo Working Paper Series 1327, CESifo.
    45. Levine, Ross, 1998. "The Legal Environment, Banks, and Long-Run Economic Growth," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 30(3), pages 596-613, August.
    46. Zenon Quispe & Renzo Rossini, 2011. "Monetary policy during the global financial crisis of 2007-09: the case of Peru," BIS Papers chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), The global crisis and financial intermediation in emerging market economies, volume 54, pages 299-316, Bank for International Settlements.
    47. Nicola Cetorelli & Linda S. Goldberg, 2012. "Banking Globalization and Monetary Transmission," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(5), pages 1811-1843, October.
    48. Gertler, Mark & Karadi, Peter, 2011. "A model of unconventional monetary policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(1), pages 17-34, January.
    49. Manuel Arellano & Stephen Bond, 1991. "Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 58(2), pages 277-297.
    50. Taylor, Mark P, 1987. "Financial Innovation, Inflation and the Stability of the Demand for Broad Money in the United Kingdom," Bulletin of Economic Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(3), pages 225-233, July.
    51. Mr. Fabian Valencia & Mr. Luc Laeven, 2012. "Systemic Banking Crises Database: An Update," IMF Working Papers 2012/163, International Monetary Fund.
    52. Anil K. Kashyap & Jeremy C. Stein, 1997. "The role of banks in monetary policy: a survey with implications for the European Monetary Union," Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, vol. 22(Sep), pages 2-18.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Guo, Shu & Zhang, ZhongXiang, 2023. "Green credit policy and total factor productivity: Evidence from Chinese listed companies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    2. Valentina-Ioana Mera & Monica Ioana Pop Silaghi & Camélia Turcu, 2020. "Economic Sentiments and Money Demand Stability in the CEECs," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 31(2), pages 343-369, April.
    3. Abel M. Agoba, 2021. "Minimising the inflationary impact of fiscal deficits in Africa: The role of monetary, financial and political institutions," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(1), pages 724-740, January.
    4. Li, Shuai & Zhan, Shuwei & Zhan, Shurui & Zhan, Minghua, 2023. "How does financial development change the effect of the bank lending channel of monetary policy in developing countries?—Evidence from China," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 502-519.
    5. Jeleta Kebede & Saroja Selvanathan & Athula Naranpanawa, 2024. "Financial inclusion and monetary policy effectiveness in a monetary union: Heterogenous panel approach," Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 32(3), pages 779-805, July.
    6. A. Ajisafe, Rufus & D. Odejide, Adekunle & M. Ajide, Folorunsho, 2021. "Monetary Policy And Financial Stability In Nigeria," Ilorin Journal of Economic Policy, Department of Economics, University of Ilorin, vol. 8(2), pages 17-35, June.
    7. Mwamkonko, Mussa Ally, 2023. "The Relative Effectiveness of Monetary Policy Transmission Channels in Tanzania: Empirical Lesson for Post COVID-19 Recovery," African Journal of Economic Review, African Journal of Economic Review, vol. 11(1), January.
    8. Ekpeno L. Effiong & Godwin E. Esu & Chuku Chuku, 2020. "Financial development and monetary policy effectiveness in Africa," Journal of Social and Economic Development, Springer;Institute for Social and Economic Change, vol. 22(1), pages 160-181, June.
    9. Muhammad Usman Arshad & Zeeshan Ahmed & Ayesha Ramzan & Muhammad Nadir Shabbir & Zahid Bashir & Fahad Najeeb Khan, 2021. "Financial inclusion and monetary policy effectiveness: A sustainable development approach of developed and under-developed countries," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(12), pages 1-19, December.
    10. João Barata R.B. Barroso & Fernanda Nechio, 2020. "Financial market development, monetary policy and financial stability in Brazil," BIS Papers chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), Financial market development, monetary policy and financial stability in emerging market economies, volume 113, pages 55-65, Bank for International Settlements.
    11. Niraj P. Koirala & Hassan Anjum Butt & Jeffrey Zimmerman & Ahmed Kamara, 2024. "Financial Development, Financial Openness, and Policy Effectiveness," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-16, May.
    12. Svatopluk Kapounek, 2017. "The Impact of Institutional Quality on Bank Lending Activity: Evidence from Bayesian Model Averaging," Czech Journal of Economics and Finance (Finance a uver), Charles University Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, vol. 67(5), pages 372-395, October.
    13. Boubaker, Sabri & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Piljak, Vanja & Savvides, Andreas, 2019. "Financial development, government bond returns, and stability: International evidence," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 81-96.
    14. Abdelbagi Edrees Saied & Mofidh Mohamed Awad-Allah, 2020. "The Impact Of Corruption On Financial Development In Africa," Noble International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, Noble Academic Publsiher, vol. 5(2), pages 32-39, February.
    15. Dao Thi-Thieu Ha & Nga Thi Hoang, 2020. "Exchange Rate Regime and Economic Growth in Asia: Convergence or Divergence," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, January.
    16. Kimolo, Deogratius & Bashagi, Asimwe & Sanga, Mollel, 2019. "Assessment of Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism in Tanzania," MPRA Paper 114651, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Caraiani, Petre & Cǎlin, Adrian Cantemir, 2020. "The impact of monetary policy shocks on stock market bubbles: International evidence," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 34(C).
    18. Wei, Xiaoyun & Han, Liyan, 2021. "The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on transmission of monetary policy to financial markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    19. Roudari, Soheil & Mensi, Walid & Kharusi, Sami Al & Ahmadian-Yazdi, Farzaneh, 2023. "Impacts of oil shocks on stock markets in Norway and Japan: Does monetary policy's effectiveness matter?," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 343-358.
    20. Aijaz Ahmad Bhat & Javaid Iqbal Khan & Sajad Ahmad Bhat & Javed Ahmad Bhat, 2023. "Central Bank Independence and Inflation in India: The Role of Financial Development," Studies in Economics and Econometrics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(4), pages 392-407, October.
    21. Zhan, Minghua & Li, Shuai & Wu, Zhouheng, 2023. "Can digital finance development improve balanced regional investment allocations in developing countries? — The evidence from China," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 56(C).
    22. Ranjan Kumar Mohanty & N R Bhanumurthy, 2020. "Asymmetric Monetary Policy Transmission in India:Does Financial Friction Matter?," BASE University Working Papers 03/2020, BASE University, Bengaluru, India.
    23. Julio Pindado & Ignacio Requejo & Juan C. Rivera, 2020. "Does money supply shape corporate capital structure? International evidence from a panel data analysis," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(6), pages 554-584, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ekpeno L. Effiong & Godwin E. Esu & Chuku Chuku, 2020. "Financial development and monetary policy effectiveness in Africa," Journal of Social and Economic Development, Springer;Institute for Social and Economic Change, vol. 22(1), pages 160-181, June.
    2. Allen, Franklin & Bartiloro, Laura & Gu, Xian & Kowalewski, Oskar, 2018. "Does economic structure determine financial structure?," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 389-409.
    3. Jean-Pierre Allegret & Sana Azzabi, 2014. "Intégration financière internationale et croissance économique dans les pays émergents et en développement : le canal du développement financier," Revue d’économie du développement, De Boeck Université, vol. 22(3), pages 27-68.
    4. Aysun, Uluc & Brady, Ryan & Honig, Adam, 2013. "Financial frictions and the strength of monetary transmission," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 1097-1119.
    5. Effiong, Ekpeno, 2015. "Financial Development, Institutions and Economic Growth: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa," MPRA Paper 66085, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Morganti, Patrizio & Garofalo, Giuseppe, 2019. "Reassessing the law, finance, and growth nexus after the recent Great recession," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 162(C), pages 229-250.
    7. Jean Arcand & Enrico Berkes & Ugo Panizza, 2015. "Too much finance?," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 20(2), pages 105-148, June.
    8. Thorsten Beck, 2009. "The Econometrics of Finance and Growth," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Terence C. Mills & Kerry Patterson (ed.), Palgrave Handbook of Econometrics, chapter 25, pages 1180-1209, Palgrave Macmillan.
    9. Huang, Ho-Chuan (River) & Fang, WenShwo & Miller, Stephen M., 2014. "Does financial development volatility affect industrial growth volatility?," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 307-320.
    10. Papaioannou, Elias, 2007. "Finance and growth: a macroeconomic assessment of the evidence from a European angle," Working Paper Series 787, European Central Bank.
    11. López-Laborda, Julio & Peña, Guillermo, 2016. "Is financial VAT neutral to financial sector size?," Economics Discussion Papers 2016-31, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    12. Sanfilippo-Azofra, Sergio & Torre-Olmo, Begoña & Cantero-Saiz, María & López-Gutiérrez, Carlos, 2018. "Financial development and the bank lending channel in developing countries," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 215-234.
    13. Zouheir Abida & Imen Mohamed Sghaier & Nahed Zghidi, 2015. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from North African Countries," Economic Alternatives, University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria, issue 2, pages 17-33, April.
    14. Altunbaş, Yener & Thornton, John, 2020. "Finance and income inequality revisited," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).
    15. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Narayan, Seema, 2013. "The short-run relationship between the financial system and economic growth: New evidence from regional panels," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 70-78.
    16. Beck, Thorsten, 2006. "Creating an efficient financial system : challenges in a global economy," Policy Research Working Paper Series 3856, The World Bank.
    17. Alessio Ciarlone, 2019. "The relationship between financial development and growth: the case of emerging Europe," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 521, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    18. Ali, Amjad & Ehsan, Rehan & Audi, Marc & Hamadeh, Hani Fayad, 2022. "Does Globalization Promote Financial Integration in South Asian Economies? Unveiling the Role of Monetary and Fiscal Performance in Internationalization," MPRA Paper 115304, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Petra Valickova & Tomas Havranek & Roman Horvath, 2015. "Financial Development And Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(3), pages 506-526, July.
    20. Seven, Unal & Coskun, Yener, 2016. "Does financial development reduce income inequality and poverty? Evidence from emerging countries," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 34-63.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Financial development; Monetary policy; Effectiveness;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jbfina:v:68:y:2016:i:c:p:1-11. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jbf .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.