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Cross-validation aggregation for combining autoregressive neural network forecasts

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  • Barrow, Devon K.
  • Crone, Sven F.

Abstract

This paper evaluates k-fold and Monte Carlo cross-validation and aggregation (crogging) for combining neural network autoregressive forecasts. We introduce Monte Carlo crogging which combines bootstrapping and cross-validation (CV) in a single approach through repeated random splitting of the original time series into mutually exclusive datasets for training. As the training/validation split is independent of the number of folds, the algorithm offers more flexibility in the size, and number of training samples compared to k-fold cross-validation. The study also provides for crogging and bagging: (1) the first systematic evaluation across time series length and combination size, (2) a bias and variance decomposition of the forecast errors to understand improvement gains, and (3) a comparison to established benchmarks of model averaging and selection. Crogging can easily be extended to other autoregressive models. Results on real and simulated series demonstrate significant improvements in forecasting accuracy especially for short time series and long forecast horizons.

Suggested Citation

  • Barrow, Devon K. & Crone, Sven F., 2016. "Cross-validation aggregation for combining autoregressive neural network forecasts," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 1120-1137.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:intfor:v:32:y:2016:i:4:p:1120-1137
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijforecast.2015.12.011
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    References listed on IDEAS

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      • Fotios Petropoulos & Daniele Apiletti & Vassilios Assimakopoulos & Mohamed Zied Babai & Devon K. Barrow & Souhaib Ben Taieb & Christoph Bergmeir & Ricardo J. Bessa & Jakub Bijak & John E. Boylan & Jet, 2020. "Forecasting: theory and practice," Papers 2012.03854, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2022.
    2. Peng, Lu & Wang, Lin & Xia, De & Gao, Qinglu, 2022. "Effective energy consumption forecasting using empirical wavelet transform and long short-term memory," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    3. Meira, Erick & Cyrino Oliveira, Fernando Luiz & de Menezes, Lilian M., 2022. "Forecasting natural gas consumption using Bagging and modified regularization techniques," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 106(C).
    4. Hong, Yanran & Yu, Jize & Su, Yuquan & Wang, Lu, 2023. "Southern oscillation: Great value of its trends for forecasting crude oil spot price volatility," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 358-368.
    5. Huber, Jakob & Stuckenschmidt, Heiner, 2020. "Daily retail demand forecasting using machine learning with emphasis on calendric special days," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1420-1438.
    6. Guo, Lili & Huang, Xinya & Li, Yanjiao & Li, Houjian, 2023. "Forecasting crude oil futures price using machine learning methods: Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PA).
    7. Bacci, Livio Agnew & Mello, Luiz Gustavo & Incerti, Taynara & Paulo de Paiva, Anderson & Balestrassi, Pedro Paulo, 2019. "Optimization of combined time series methods to forecast the demand for coffee in Brazil: A new approach using Normal Boundary Intersection coupled with mixture designs of experiments and rotated fact," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 186-211.
    8. Hong, Yanran & Wang, Lu & Liang, Chao & Umar, Muhammad, 2022. "Impact of financial instability on international crude oil volatility: New sight from a regime-switching framework," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    9. A. Vamsikrishna & E. V. Gijo, 2024. "New Techniques to Perform Cross-Validation for Time Series Models," SN Operations Research Forum, Springer, vol. 5(2), pages 1-12, June.
    10. Wang, Lin & Lv, Sheng-Xiang & Zeng, Yu-Rong, 2018. "Effective sparse adaboost method with ESN and FOA for industrial electricity consumption forecasting in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 1013-1031.
    11. Kourentzes, Nikolaos & Barrow, Devon & Petropoulos, Fotios, 2019. "Another look at forecast selection and combination: Evidence from forecast pooling," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 209(C), pages 226-235.
    12. Meira, Erick & Cyrino Oliveira, Fernando Luiz & de Menezes, Lilian M., 2021. "Point and interval forecasting of electricity supply via pruned ensembles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    13. Monge, Manuel & Lazcano, Ana & Parada, José Luis, 2023. "Growth vs value investing: Persistence and time trend before and after COVID-19," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    14. Erol Eğrioğlu & Robert Fildes, 2022. "A New Bootstrapped Hybrid Artificial Neural Network Approach for Time Series Forecasting," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 59(4), pages 1355-1383, April.

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