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Synthesis methods of low-Pt-loading electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems

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  • Esmaeilifar, A.
  • Rowshanzamir, S.
  • Eikani, M.H.
  • Ghazanfari, E.

Abstract

While the use of a high level of platinum (Pt) loading in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) can amplify the trade off towards higher performance and longer lifespan for these PEMFCs, the development of PEMFC electrocatalysts with low-Pt-loadings and high-Pt-utilization is critical and the limited supply and high cost of the Pt used in PEMFC electrocatalysts necessitate a reduction in the Pt level. In order to make such electrocatalysts commercially feasible, cost-effective and innovative, catalyst synthesis methods are needed for Pt loading reduction and performance optimization. Since a Pt-deposited carbon nanotube (CNT) shows higher performance than a commercial Pt-deposited carbon black (CB) with reducing 60% Pt load per electrode area in PEMFCs, use of CNTs in preparing electrocatalysts becomes considerable. This paper reviews the literature on the synthesis methods of carbon-supported Pt electrocatalysts for PEMFC catalyst loading reduction through the improvement of catalyst utilization and activity. The features of electroless deposition (ED) method, deposition on sonochemically treated CNTs, polyol process, electrodeposition method, sputter-deposition technique, γ-irradiation method, microemulsion method, aerosol assisted deposition (AAD) method, Pechini method, supercritical deposition technique, hydrothermal method and colloid method are discussed and characteristics of each one are considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Esmaeilifar, A. & Rowshanzamir, S. & Eikani, M.H. & Ghazanfari, E., 2010. "Synthesis methods of low-Pt-loading electrocatalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(9), pages 3941-3957.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:35:y:2010:i:9:p:3941-3957
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2010.06.006
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    1. Stoševski, Ivan & Krstić, Jelena & Milikić, Jadranka & Šljukić, Biljana & Kačarević-Popović, Zorica & Mentus, Slavko & Miljanić, Šćepan, 2016. "Radiolitically synthesized nano Ag/C catalysts for oxygen reduction and borohydride oxidation reactions in alkaline media, for potential applications in fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 79-90.
    2. Alipour Najmi, Ali & Rowshanzamir, Soosan & Parnian, Mohammad Javad, 2016. "Investigation of NaOH concentration effect in injected fuel on the performance of passive direct methanol alkaline fuel cell with modified cation exchange membrane," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 589-599.
    3. Rahnavard, Aylin & Rowshanzamir, Soosan & Parnian, Mohammad Javad & Amirkhanlou, Gholam Reza, 2015. "The effect of sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone) as the electrode ionomer for self-humidifying nanocomposite proton exchange membrane fuel cells," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 746-757.
    4. Huang, Kaikai & Zhang, Dongming & Hu, Mingming & Hu, Qinghui, 2014. "Cr2O3/C composite coatings on stainless steel 304 as bipolar plate for proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 816-821.
    5. Mirzaei, Farokh & Parnian, Mohammad Javad & Rowshanzamir, Soosan, 2017. "Durability investigation and performance study of hydrothermal synthesized platinum-multi walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 696-705.
    6. Ismail, M.S. & Ingham, D.B. & Ma, L. & Hughes, K.J. & Pourkashanian, M., 2017. "Effects of catalyst agglomerate shape in polymer electrolyte fuel cells investigated by a multi-scale modelling framework," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 420-430.
    7. Huang, Zhen-Ming & Su, Ay & Liu, Ying-Chieh, 2013. "Hydrogen generator system using Ru catalyst for PEMFC (proton exchange membrane fuel cell) applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 230-236.
    8. Bhuvanendran, Narayanamoorthy & Ravichandran, Sabarinathan & Jayaseelan, Santhana Sivabalan & Xu, Qian & Khotseng, Lindiwe & Su, Huaneng, 2020. "Improved bi-functional oxygen electrocatalytic performance of Pt–Ir alloy nanoparticles embedded on MWCNT with Pt-enriched surfaces," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    9. Yang, H.N. & Lee, D.C. & Park, K.W. & Kim, W.J., 2015. "Platinum–boron doped graphene intercalated by carbon black for cathode catalyst in proton exchange membrane fuel cell," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 500-510.
    10. Rivera-Lugo, Yazmín Y. & Salazar-Gastélum, Moisés I. & López-Rosas, Deisly M. & Reynoso-Soto, Edgar A. & Pérez-Sicairos, Sergio & Velraj, Samgopiraj & Flores-Hernández, José R. & Félix-Navarro, Rosa M, 2018. "Effect of template, reaction time and platinum concentration in the synthesis of PtCu/CNT catalyst for PEMFC applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 561-570.
    11. Chou, Chang-Chen & Liu, Cheng-Hong & Chen, Bing-Hung, 2014. "Effects of reduction temperature and pH value of polyol process on reduced graphene oxide supported Pt electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 231-238.
    12. Chaisubanan, Napapat & Maniwan, Witchaya & Hunsom, Mali, 2017. "Effect of heat-treatment on the performance of PtM/C (M = Cr, Pd, Co) catalysts towards the oxygen reduction reaction in PEM fuel cell," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 454-461.
    13. Lin, Jintai & Zeng, Zhi & Ma, Qianmin & Wang, Qianming & Zhang, Yanfen, 2014. "Effects of multiple irradiations on luminescent materials and energy savings – A case study for the synthesis of BaMO4: Ln3+ (M = W, Mo; Ln = Eu, Tb) phosphors," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 551-556.
    14. Sayadi, Parvin & Rowshanzamir, Soosan & Parnian, Mohammad Javad, 2016. "Study of hydrogen crossover and proton conductivity of self-humidifying nanocomposite proton exchange membrane based on sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 292-303.
    15. Rakhshanpouri, S. & Rowshanzamir, S., 2013. "Water transport through a PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell in a seven-layer model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 220-231.
    16. Xuan, Lingfeng & Wang, Yancheng & Lan, Jinwei & Tao, Kai & Zhou, Caiying & Mei, Deqing, 2023. "Development of cathode ordered membrane electrode assembly based on TiO2 nanowire array and ultrasonic spraying," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    17. Song, Xingjuan & Zhang, Dongming, 2014. "Bimetallic Ag–Ni/C particles as cathode catalyst in AFCs (alkaline fuel cells)," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 223-230.
    18. Roudbari, Mohsen Najafi & Ojani, Reza & Raoof, Jahan Bakhsh, 2019. "Performance improvement of polymer fuel cell by simultaneously inspection of catalyst loading, catalyst content and ionomer using home-made cathodic half-cell and response surface method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 151-161.
    19. Sahoo, Madhumita & Ramaprabhu, S., 2017. "Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped porous carbon – is an efficient electrocatalyst as platinum or a hoax for oxygen reduction reaction in acidic environment PEM fuel cell?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 1075-1083.
    20. Kakaei, Karim & Gharibi, Hussien, 2014. "Palladium nanoparticle catalysts synthesis on graphene in sodium dodecyl sulfate for oxygen reduction reaction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 166-171.
    21. Yao, Ling & Wang, Feng & Wang, Long & Wang, Guoqiang, 2019. "Transport enhancement study on small-scale methanol steam reforming reactor with waste heat recovery for hydrogen production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 986-997.

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