Low-carbon operation of multi-virtual power plants with hydrogen doping and load aggregator based on bilateral cooperative game

In order to establish a feasible trading framework between the energy supply and demand sides within the multi-virtual power plants (MVPP) and explore the potential for low-carbon operation, this paper studies the MVPP energy trading problem and the interaction between supply and demand involving virtual power plant (VPP) operators and load aggregator (LA) based on cooperative game theory. Additionally, it investigates the low-carbon capacity of integrated hydrogen energy utilization within the system that includes natural gas and hydrogen doping. Firstly, the energy trading framework for the MVPP and LA is proposed, along with the bilateral trading model for the VPP. Secondly, for a single VPP, a multi-energy collaboration VPP considering natural gas and hydrogen doping is constructed. The non-convex and nonlinear game problem is decomposed into two subproblems and distributed using the alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) to effectively protect the privacy of each participant. The simulation results show that the energy trading model of the MVPP and LA enhances the comprehensive benefits of users and facilitates energy complementarity within MVPP. Furthermore, the higher the hydrogen doping ratio of the gas units under MVPP cooperative operation, the better the low-carbon performance of the system.