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Data center power requirements: measurements from Silicon Valley

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  • Mitchell-Jackson, J.
  • Koomey, J.G.
  • Nordman, B.
  • Blazek, M.

Abstract

Current estimates of data center power requirements are greatly overstated because they are based on criteria that incorporate oversized, redundant systems, and several safety factors. Furthermore, most estimates assume that data centers are filled to capacity. For the most part, these numbers are unsubstantiated. Although there are many estimates of the amount of electricity consumed by data centers, until this study, there were no publicly available measurements of power use. This paper examines some of the reasons why power requirements at data centers are overstated and adds actual measurements and the analysis of real-world data to the public policy debate over how much energy these facilities use.

Suggested Citation

  • Mitchell-Jackson, J. & Koomey, J.G. & Nordman, B. & Blazek, M., 2003. "Data center power requirements: measurements from Silicon Valley," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(8), pages 837-850.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:28:y:2003:i:8:p:837-850
    DOI: 10.1016/S0360-5442(03)00009-4
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kawamoto, Kaoru & Koomey, Jonathan G & Nordman, Bruce & Brown, Richard E & Piette, Mary Ann & Ting, Michael & Meier, Alan K, 2002. "Electricity used by office equipment and network equipment in the US," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 255-269.
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    Cited by:

    1. Zimmermann, Severin & Meijer, Ingmar & Tiwari, Manish K. & Paredes, Stephan & Michel, Bruno & Poulikakos, Dimos, 2012. "Aquasar: A hot water cooled data center with direct energy reuse," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 43(1), pages 237-245.
    2. Cheung, Howard & Wang, Shengwei & Zhuang, Chaoqun & Gu, Jiefan, 2018. "A simplified power consumption model of information technology (IT) equipment in data centers for energy system real-time dynamic simulation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 329-342.
    3. Lee, Yee-Ting & Wen, Chih-Yung & Shih, Yang-Cheng & Li, Zhengtong & Yang, An-Shik, 2022. "Numerical and experimental investigations on thermal management for data center with cold aisle containment configuration," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    4. Jin, Chaoqiang & Bai, Xuelian & Yang, Chao & Mao, Wangxin & Xu, Xin, 2020. "A review of power consumption models of servers in data centers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    5. Cullenward, Danny & Koomey, Jonathan G., 2016. "A critique of Saunders' ‘historical evidence for energy efficiency rebound in 30 us sectors’," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 203-213.
    6. Sauer, Ildo L. & Tatizawa, Hédio & Salotti, Francisco A.M., 2012. "Power quality and energy efficiency assessment and the need for labelling and minimum performance standard of uninterruptible power systems (UPS) in Brazil," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 885-892.
    7. Guizzi, Giuseppe Leo & Manno, Michele, 2012. "Fuel cell-based cogeneration system covering data centers’ energy needs," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 56-64.
    8. Zhang, Yingbo & Shan, Kui & Li, Xiuming & Li, Hangxin & Wang, Shengwei, 2023. "Research and Technologies for next-generation high-temperature data centers – State-of-the-arts and future perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    9. Lei, Nuoa & Masanet, Eric, 2020. "Statistical analysis for predicting location-specific data center PUE and its improvement potential," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    10. Asha-Dee N. Celestine & Martin Sulic & Marika Wieliczko & Ned T. Stetson, 2021. "Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage Systems for Large-Scale Data Center Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-16, November.

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