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A literature survey on measuring energy usage for miscellaneous electric loads in offices and commercial buildings

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  • Kamilaris, Andreas
  • Kalluri, Balaji
  • Kondepudi, Sekhar
  • Kwok Wai, Tham

Abstract

This paper presents the current state of the art regarding work performed related to the electric energy consumption for Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Miscellaneous Electric Loads (MELs), in office and commercial buildings. Techniques used for measuring the energy consumption of office plug loads, and efforts for saving energy by using this equipment more rationally and efficiently are identified and categorized. Popular methods and techniques for energy metering are discussed, together with efforts to classify and benchmark office equipment. Our study reveals that many issues are still open in this domain, including more accurate, diverse and meaningful energy audits for longer time periods, taking into account device profiles, occupant behavior and environmental context. Finally, there is a need for a global consensus on benchmarking and performance metrics, as well as a need for a coordinated worldwide activity for gathering, sharing, analyzing, visualizing and exposing all the silos of information relating to plug loads in offices and commercial buildings.

Suggested Citation

  • Kamilaris, Andreas & Kalluri, Balaji & Kondepudi, Sekhar & Kwok Wai, Tham, 2014. "A literature survey on measuring energy usage for miscellaneous electric loads in offices and commercial buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 536-550.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:34:y:2014:i:c:p:536-550
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.037
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Webber, Carrie A. & Roberson, Judy A. & McWhinney, Marla C. & Brown, Richard E. & Pinckard, Margaret J. & Busch, John F., 2006. "After-hours power status of office equipment in the USA," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 31(14), pages 2823-2838.
    2. ., 2008. "Market-Supportive Institutions," Chapters, in: Institutions and Development, chapter 3, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    3. Schoofs, A. & Ruzzelli, A.G. & O’Hare, G.M.P., 2011. "VLAN auditing for preliminary assessment of after hours networked equipment electricity wastage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 6910-6921.
    4. Murtagh, Niamh & Nati, Michele & Headley, William R. & Gatersleben, Birgitta & Gluhak, Alexander & Imran, Muhammad Ali & Uzzell, David, 2013. "Individual energy use and feedback in an office setting: A field trial," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 717-728.
    5. Kawamoto, Kaoru & Koomey, Jonathan G & Nordman, Bruce & Brown, Richard E & Piette, Mary Ann & Ting, Michael & Meier, Alan K, 2002. "Electricity used by office equipment and network equipment in the US," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 255-269.
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    Cited by:

    1. Younghoon Kwak & Jihyun Hwang & Taewon Lee, 2018. "Load Disaggregation via Pattern Recognition: A Feasibility Study of a Novel Method in Residential Building," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-22, April.
    2. Xu, Xiaoxiao & Yu, Hao & Sun, Qiuwen & Tam, Vivian W.Y., 2023. "A critical review of occupant energy consumption behavior in buildings: How we got here, where we are, and where we are headed," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    3. Das, Anooshmita & Annaqeeb, Masab Khalid & Azar, Elie & Novakovic, Vojislav & Kjærgaard, Mikkel Baun, 2020. "Occupant-centric miscellaneous electric loads prediction in buildings using state-of-the-art deep learning methods," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 269(C).
    4. Botman, Lola & Lago, Jesus & Fu, Xiaohan & Chia, Keaton & Wolf, Jesse & Kleissl, Jan & De Moor, Bart, 2024. "Building plug load mode detection, forecasting and scheduling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 364(C).
    5. Garg, Amit & Maheshwari, Jyoti & Shukla, P.R. & Rawal, Rajan, 2017. "Energy appliance transformation in commercial buildings in India under alternate policy scenarios," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(P1), pages 952-965.
    6. Zhang, Chengyu & Ma, Liangdong & Luo, Zhiwen & Han, Xing & Zhao, Tianyi, 2024. "Forecasting building plug load electricity consumption employing occupant-building interaction input features and bidirectional LSTM with improved swarm intelligent algorithms," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    7. Carstens, Herman & Xia, Xiaohua & Yadavalli, Sarma, 2018. "Measurement uncertainty in energy monitoring: Present state of the art," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2791-2805.
    8. Fernández, David & Pozo, Carlos & Folgado, Rubén & Guillén-Gosálbez, Gonzalo & Jiménez, Laureano, 2017. "Multiperiod model for the optimal production planning in the industrial gases sector," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 667-682.
    9. Hamed Nabizadeh Rafsanjani & Changbum R. Ahn & Mahmoud Alahmad, 2015. "A Review of Approaches for Sensing, Understanding, and Improving Occupancy-Related Energy-Use Behaviors in Commercial Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-34, October.
    10. Belen Moreno Santamaria & Fernando del Ama Gonzalo & Benito Lauret Aguirregabiria & Juan A. Hernandez Ramos, 2020. "Evaluation of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption of Water Flow Glazing as a Radiant Heating and Cooling System: A Case Study of an Office Space," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-27, September.
    11. Wang, S. & Kim, A.A. & Johnson, E.M., 2017. "Understanding the deterministic and probabilistic business cases for occupant based plug load management strategies in commercial office buildings," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C), pages 398-413.
    12. Pothitou, Mary & Hanna, Richard F. & Chalvatzis, Konstantinos J., 2017. "ICT entertainment appliances’ impact on domestic electricity consumption," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 843-853.
    13. Ruparathna, Rajeev & Hewage, Kasun & Sadiq, Rehan, 2016. "Improving the energy efficiency of the existing building stock: A critical review of commercial and institutional buildings," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 1032-1045.
    14. Anders S. G. Andrae & Tomas Edler, 2015. "On Global Electricity Usage of Communication Technology: Trends to 2030," Challenges, MDPI, vol. 6(1), pages 1-41, April.

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