Towards user-friendly energy supplement service considering battery degradation cost

With the booming development of electric vehicles (EVs), the problem of managing a large number of EVs with frequent energy requirements due to limited batteries capacity has attracted more and more attention. It thus is significantly important to design an efficient energy supplement scheduling scheme. Due to the long charging waiting duration of the plug-in charging strategy, we introduce the battery swapping mechanism in this paper, which can considerably reduce the time of energy refill from hours to minutes. For the depleted batteries from EVs, we leverage a two-period charging with constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) to model the recharging process. The CC-CV model depicts the characteristic of the battery during the practical charging scenario and is widely used for Li-ion battery charging. The battery degradation cost is further formulated to capture the performance degradation for the depleted batteries causing by charging. Considering the focus from EV drivers on waiting time of battery swapping service, and that from the operator on battery degradation cost, a demand balance battery swapping service framework is thus proposed. Moreover, a reservation-enabled scheme is designed to predicate swapping waiting time by capturing EV's reservations. Therefore, the demand balance can be eventually achieved by jointly optimizing waiting time and battery degradation cost. Simulations present the desirable performance of the proposed scheme with the comparison of other benchmarks. Particularly, the degradation of batteries is well alleviated, which is vital for BSSs' long-term operation.