IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v224y2021ics0360544221003418.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An investigation on maximum power extraction algorithms from PV systems with corresponding DC-DC converters

Author

Listed:
  • Osmani, Khaled
  • Haddad, Ahmad
  • Lemenand, Thierry
  • Castanier, Bruno
  • Ramadan, Mohamad

Abstract

This paper aims at exploring different approaches utilized to track the Maximum operating Power Point (MPP) of PV (Photovoltaic) modules, fulfilling the largest amount of available power extraction, hence achieving cost and energy efficiencies of PV systems. This procedure takes place within two divisions: algorithm implementation and DC-DC Power Processing Units (PPUs) design. First and foremost, all MPP algorithms fall under two major categories: local MPP (happens during homogeneous solar radiations) and global MPP (occurs with partial shading conditions). Each of the two groups possesses various methodologies for algorithm generation. Secondly, PPUs were generally classified as either isolated or non-isolated DC-DC converters. Each collection reigns a buck, boost and buck-boost converters with diverse circuit layouts. A critical assessment and comparison were conducted for algorithms and converters in terms of efficiency, reliability and complexity. After analysis and comparison of different maximum power point tracking schemes, it is found that the best algorithm to be adapted is from the global maximum power point tracking set, under exploitation of characteristic curve topologies. For PPUs architecture, it is concluded that a non-isolated buck-boost converter is the best to be chosen while designing an MPP tracker.

Suggested Citation

  • Osmani, Khaled & Haddad, Ahmad & Lemenand, Thierry & Castanier, Bruno & Ramadan, Mohamad, 2021. "An investigation on maximum power extraction algorithms from PV systems with corresponding DC-DC converters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:224:y:2021:i:c:s0360544221003418
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120092
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544221003418
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2021.120092?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mirzaei, Amin & Jusoh, Awang & Salam, Zainal, 2012. "Design and implementation of high efficiency non-isolated bidirectional zero voltage transition pulse width modulated DC–DC converters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 47(1), pages 358-369.
    2. Jiang, Li & Li, Yong & Huang, Yuduo & Yu, Jiaqi & Qiao, Xuebo & Wang, Yixiao & Huang, Chun & Cao, Yijia, 2020. "Optimization of multi-stage constant current charging pattern based on Taguchi method for Li-Ion battery," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    3. Li, Kangping & Wang, Fei & Mi, Zengqiang & Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Mahmoud & Duić, Neven & Wang, Tieqiang, 2019. "Capacity and output power estimation approach of individual behind-the-meter distributed photovoltaic system for demand response baseline estimation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C), pages 1-1.
    4. Abdelmalek, Samir & Dali, Ali & Bakdi, Azzeddine & Bettayeb, Maamar, 2020. "Design and experimental implementation of a new robust observer-based nonlinear controller for DC-DC buck converters," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    5. Zhang, Xiaoshun & Li, Shengnan & He, Tingyi & Yang, Bo & Yu, Tao & Li, Haofei & Jiang, Lin & Sun, Liming, 2019. "Memetic reinforcement learning based maximum power point tracking design for PV systems under partial shading condition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 1079-1090.
    6. Ramli, Makbul A.M. & Twaha, Ssennoga & Ishaque, Kashif & Al-Turki, Yusuf A., 2017. "A review on maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems with and without shading conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 144-159.
    7. Liu, Liqun & Meng, Xiaoli & Liu, Chunxia, 2016. "A review of maximum power point tracking methods of PV power system at uniform and partial shading," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 1500-1507.
    8. Daraban, Stefan & Petreus, Dorin & Morel, Cristina, 2014. "A novel MPPT (maximum power point tracking) algorithm based on a modified genetic algorithm specialized on tracking the global maximum power point in photovoltaic systems affected by partial shading," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 374-388.
    9. Prasad, J. Sivavara & Obulesh, Y.P. & Babu, Ch. Sai, 2016. "FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) controlled solar based zero voltage and zero current switching DC–DC converter for battery storage applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 728-742.
    10. Feng, Yu & Hao, Weiping & Li, Haoru & Cui, Ningbo & Gong, Daozhi & Gao, Lili, 2020. "Machine learning models to quantify and map daily global solar radiation and photovoltaic power," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    11. Sivakumar, P. & Abdul Kader, Abdullah & Kaliavaradhan, Yogeshraj & Arutchelvi, M., 2015. "Analysis and enhancement of PV efficiency with incremental conductance MPPT technique under non-linear loading conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 543-550.
    12. Meerimatha, G. & Rao, B. Loveswara, 2020. "Novel reconfiguration approach to reduce line losses of the photovoltaic array under various shading conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    13. Gayathri Devi, B. & Keshavan, B.K., 2019. "A novel hybrid Phase Shifted-Modified Synchronous Optimal Pulse Width Modulation based 27-level inverter for grid-connected PV system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 309-317.
    14. Deshkar, Shubhankar Niranjan & Dhale, Sumedh Bhaskar & Mukherjee, Jishnu Shekar & Babu, T. Sudhakar & Rajasekar, N., 2015. "Solar PV array reconfiguration under partial shading conditions for maximum power extraction using genetic algorithm," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 102-110.
    15. Ahmad, R. & Murtaza, Ali F. & Ahmed Sher, Hadeed & Tabrez Shami, Umar & Olalekan, Saheed, 2017. "An analytical approach to study partial shading effects on PV array supported by literature," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 721-732.
    16. Amir, Asim & Amir, Aamir & Che, Hang Seng & Elkhateb, Ahmad & Rahim, Nasrudin Abd, 2019. "Comparative analysis of high voltage gain DC-DC converter topologies for photovoltaic systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 1147-1163.
    17. Yu-Pei Huang & Cheng-En Ye & Xiang Chen, 2018. "A Modified Firefly Algorithm with Rapid Response Maximum Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Systems under Partial Shading Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-33, August.
    18. Bertrand, Cédric & Housmans, Caroline & Leloux, Jonathan & Journée, Michel, 2018. "Solar irradiation from the energy production of residential PV systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 306-318.
    19. Chen, Wei & Shen, Hui & Shu, Bifen & Qin, Hong & Deng, Tao, 2007. "Evaluation of performance of MPPT devices in PV systems with storage batteries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(9), pages 1611-1622.
    20. Soudan, Bassel & Darya, Abdollah, 2020. "Autonomous smart switching control for off-grid hybrid PV/battery/diesel power system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C).
    21. Omer, Abdeen Mustafa, 2007. "Renewable energy resources for electricity generation in Sudan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 11(7), pages 1481-1497, September.
    22. Bouilouta, A. & Mellit, A. & Kalogirou, S.A., 2013. "New MPPT method for stand-alone photovoltaic systems operating under partially shaded conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1172-1185.
    23. Singh, G.K., 2013. "Solar power generation by PV (photovoltaic) technology: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 1-13.
    24. Dolara, Alberto & Lazaroiu, George Cristian & Leva, Sonia & Manzolini, Giampaolo, 2013. "Experimental investigation of partial shading scenarios on PV (photovoltaic) modules," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 466-475.
    25. Qi, Jun & Zhang, Youbing & Chen, Yi, 2014. "Modeling and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for PV array under partial shade conditions," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 337-345.
    26. Ishaque, Kashif & Salam, Zainal, 2013. "A review of maximum power point tracking techniques of PV system for uniform insolation and partial shading condition," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 19(C), pages 475-488.
    27. Ram, J.Prasanth & Rajasekar, N. & Miyatake, Masafumi, 2017. "Design and overview of maximum power point tracking techniques in wind and solar photovoltaic systems: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 1138-1159.
    28. Karthikeyan, V. & Gupta, Rajesh, 2017. "Light-load efficiency improvement by extending ZVS range in DAB-bidirectional DC-DC converter for energy storage applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 15-21.
    29. Reddy, S. Sreekantha & Yammani, Chandrasekhar, 2020. "Odd-Even-Prime pattern for PV array to increase power output under partial shading conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    30. Refaat, Ahmed & Osman, Mohamed Hassan & Korovkin, Nikolay V., 2020. "Current collector optimizer topology to extract maximum power from non-uniform aged PV array," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    31. Başoğlu, Mustafa Engin & Çakır, Bekir, 2016. "Comparisons of MPPT performances of isolated and non-isolated DC–DC converters by using a new approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1100-1113.
    32. Gallardo-Saavedra, Sara & Hernández-Callejo, Luis & Alonso-García, María del Carmen & Santos, José Domingo & Morales-Aragonés, José Ignacio & Alonso-Gómez, Víctor & Moretón-Fernández, Ángel & González, 2020. "Nondestructive characterization of solar PV cells defects by means of electroluminescence, infrared thermography, I–V curves and visual tests: Experimental study and comparison," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
    33. Hernández, J.C. & Sanchez-Sutil, F. & Muñoz-Rodríguez, F.J., 2019. "Design criteria for the optimal sizing of a hybrid energy storage system in PV household-prosumers to maximize self-consumption and self-sufficiency," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    34. Belhachat, Faiza & Larbes, Cherif, 2018. "A review of global maximum power point tracking techniques of photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 513-553.
    35. Jately, V. & Arora, S., 2017. "Development of a dual-tracking technique for extracting maximum power from PV systems under rapidly changing environmental conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 557-571.
    36. Ahmed, Jubaer & Salam, Zainal, 2015. "An improved perturb and observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for higher efficiency," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 97-108.
    37. Teo, J.C. & Tan, Rodney H.G. & Mok, V.H. & Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K. & Tan, ChiaKwang, 2020. "Impact of bypass diode forward voltage on maximum power of a photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    38. Olabi, A.G. & Onumaegbu, C. & Wilberforce, Tabbi & Ramadan, Mohamad & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Al – Alami, Abdul Hai, 2021. "Critical review of energy storage systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    39. Fathabadi, Hassan, 2016. "Novel fast dynamic MPPT (maximum power point tracking) technique with the capability of very high accurate power tracking," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 466-475.
    40. Al-Addous, Mohammad & Dalala, Zakariya & Class, Christina B. & Alawneh, Firas & Al-Taani, Hussein, 2017. "Performance analysis of off-grid PV systems in the Jordan Valley," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 930-941.
    41. Guo, Lei & Meng, Zhuo & Sun, Yize & Wang, Libiao, 2018. "A modified cat swarm optimization based maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaic system under partially shaded condition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C), pages 501-514.
    42. Taghvaee, M.H. & Radzi, M.A.M. & Moosavain, S.M. & Hizam, Hashim & Hamiruce Marhaban, M., 2013. "A current and future study on non-isolated DC–DC converters for photovoltaic applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 17(C), pages 216-227.
    43. Bendib, Boualem & Belmili, Hocine & Krim, Fateh, 2015. "A survey of the most used MPPT methods: Conventional and advanced algorithms applied for photovoltaic systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 637-648.
    44. Tanesab, Julius & Parlevliet, David & Whale, Jonathan & Urmee, Tania, 2018. "Energy and economic losses caused by dust on residential photovoltaic (PV) systems deployed in different climate areas," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 401-412.
    45. Zaihidee, Fardila Mohd & Mekhilef, Saad & Seyedmahmoudian, Mehdi & Horan, Ben, 2016. "Dust as an unalterable deteriorative factor affecting PV panel's efficiency: Why and how," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 1267-1278.
    46. Ramadan, Mohamad & Murr, Rabih & Khaled, Mahmoud & Olabi, Abdul Ghani, 2018. "Mixed numerical - Experimental approach to enhance the heat pump performance by drain water heat recovery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 1010-1021.
    47. Abdul Ghani Olabi & Tabbi Wilberforce & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem & Mohamad Ramadan, 2021. "Critical Review of Flywheel Energy Storage System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-33, April.
    48. Hossain, M.Z. & Rahim, N.A. & Selvaraj, Jeyraj a/l, 2018. "Recent progress and development on power DC-DC converter topology, control, design and applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 205-230.
    49. Zhiming Li & Yongquan Zhou & Sen Zhang & Junmin Song, 2016. "Lévy-Flight Moth-Flame Algorithm for Function Optimization and Engineering Design Problems," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, Hindawi, vol. 2016, pages 1-22, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Julio López Seguel & Seleme I. Seleme & Lenin M. F. Morais, 2022. "Comparative Study of Buck-Boost, SEPIC, Cuk and Zeta DC-DC Converters Using Different MPPT Methods for Photovoltaic Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-26, October.
    2. Gao, Fang & Hu, Rongzhao & Yin, Linfei, 2023. "Variable boundary reinforcement learning for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic grid-connected systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    3. Li, Chao & Wu, Qi & Xin, Ying & Li, Bin, 2024. "Enhancing low voltage ride-through capability of grid-connected photovoltaic plants using superconducting fault current limiters," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    4. Shaowu Li & Kunyi Chen & Qin Li & Qing Ai, 2022. "A Variable-Weather-Parameter MPPT Method Based on Equation Solution for Photovoltaic System with DC Bus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-25, September.
    5. Masmoudi, Abdelkarim & Abdelkafi, Achraf & Krichen, Lotfi & Saidi, Abdelaziz Salah, 2022. "An experimental approach for improving stability in DC bus voltage of a stand-alone photovoltaic generator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    6. Khaled Osmani & Ahmad Haddad & Mohammad Alkhedher & Thierry Lemenand & Bruno Castanier & Mohamad Ramadan, 2023. "A Novel MPPT-Based Lithium-Ion Battery Solar Charger for Operation under Fluctuating Irradiance Conditions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-31, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Rezk, Hegazy & AL-Oran, Mazen & Gomaa, Mohamed R. & Tolba, Mohamed A. & Fathy, Ahmed & Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali & Olabi, A.G. & El-Sayed, Abou Hashema M., 2019. "A novel statistical performance evaluation of most modern optimization-based global MPPT techniques for partially shaded PV system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    2. Ramli, Makbul A.M. & Twaha, Ssennoga & Ishaque, Kashif & Al-Turki, Yusuf A., 2017. "A review on maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic systems with and without shading conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 144-159.
    3. Belhachat, Faiza & Larbes, Cherif, 2017. "Global maximum power point tracking based on ANFIS approach for PV array configurations under partial shading conditions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 875-889.
    4. Boukenoui, R. & Ghanes, M. & Barbot, J.-P. & Bradai, R. & Mellit, A. & Salhi, H., 2017. "Experimental assessment of Maximum Power Point Tracking methods for photovoltaic systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 324-340.
    5. Ram, J. Prasanth & Babu, T. Sudhakar & Rajasekar, N., 2017. "A comprehensive review on solar PV maximum power point tracking techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 826-847.
    6. Qamar Navid & Ahmed Hassan & Abbas Ahmad Fardoun & Rashad Ramzan & Abdulrahman Alraeesi, 2021. "Fault Diagnostic Methodologies for Utility-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants: A State of the Art Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-22, February.
    7. Sheik Mohammed, S. & Devaraj, D. & Imthias Ahamed, T.P., 2016. "A novel hybrid Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique using Perturb & Observe algorithm and Learning Automata for solar PV system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 1096-1106.
    8. Kermadi, Mostefa & Berkouk, El Madjid, 2017. "Artificial intelligence-based maximum power point tracking controllers for Photovoltaic systems: Comparative study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 369-386.
    9. Amjad Ali & Kashif Irshad & Mohammad Farhan Khan & Md Moinul Hossain & Ibrahim N. A. Al-Duais & Muhammad Zeeshan Malik, 2021. "Artificial Intelligence and Bio-Inspired Soft Computing-Based Maximum Power Plant Tracking for a Solar Photovoltaic System under Non-Uniform Solar Irradiance Shading Conditions—A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-26, September.
    10. Yinxiao Zhu & Moon Keun Kim & Huiqing Wen, 2018. "Simulation and Analysis of Perturbation and Observation-Based Self-Adaptable Step Size Maximum Power Point Tracking Strategy with Low Power Loss for Photovoltaics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-20, December.
    11. Jordehi, A. Rezaee, 2016. "Maximum power point tracking in photovoltaic (PV) systems: A review of different approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 1127-1138.
    12. Mehedi, I.M. & Salam, Z. & Ramli, M.Z. & Chin, V.J. & Bassi, H. & Rawa, M.J.H. & Abdullah, M.P., 2021. "Critical evaluation and review of partial shading mitigation methods for grid-connected PV system using hardware solutions: The module-level and array-level approaches," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    13. Zhang, Xiaoshun & Li, Shengnan & He, Tingyi & Yang, Bo & Yu, Tao & Li, Haofei & Jiang, Lin & Sun, Liming, 2019. "Memetic reinforcement learning based maximum power point tracking design for PV systems under partial shading condition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 1079-1090.
    14. Fathabadi, Hassan, 2017. "Novel standalone hybrid solar/wind/fuel cell/battery power generation system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(P1), pages 454-465.
    15. Fathabadi, Hassan, 2017. "Novel grid-connected solar/wind powered electric vehicle charging station with vehicle-to-grid technology," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 1-11.
    16. Liu, Zhengguang & Guo, Zhiling & Chen, Qi & Song, Chenchen & Shang, Wenlong & Yuan, Meng & Zhang, Haoran, 2023. "A review of data-driven smart building-integrated photovoltaic systems: Challenges and objectives," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    17. Rajesh, R. & Mabel, M. Carolin, 2016. "Design and real time implementation of a novel rule compressed fuzzy logic method for the determination operating point in a photo voltaic system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 116(P1), pages 140-153.
    18. Hassan M. H. Farh & Mohd F. Othman & Ali M. Eltamaly & M. S. Al-Saud, 2018. "Maximum Power Extraction from a Partially Shaded PV System Using an Interleaved Boost Converter," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-18, September.
    19. Başoğlu, Mustafa Engin & Çakır, Bekir, 2016. "Comparisons of MPPT performances of isolated and non-isolated DC–DC converters by using a new approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1100-1113.
    20. Ehtisham Lodhi & Fei-Yue Wang & Gang Xiong & Ghulam Ali Mallah & Muhammad Yaqoob Javed & Tariku Sinshaw Tamir & David Wenzhong Gao, 2021. "A Dragonfly Optimization Algorithm for Extracting Maximum Power of Grid-Interfaced PV Systems," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-27, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:224:y:2021:i:c:s0360544221003418. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.