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Configuration and system operation for battery swapping stations in Beijing

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  • Liang, Yanni
  • Cai, Hua
  • Zou, Guilin

Abstract

To enhance the energy saving, emission reduction, and economic feasibility of battery swapping stations (BSSs), this paper develops a BSS configuration and operation model with three charging strategies for Beijing. The model dynamically and holistically analyzes the configuration of chargers, swappers, and reserve batteries, as well as the different annual battery rental fees of BSSs to satisfy the battery swapping demand of users and enhance the profitability of BSSs. The simulation results show that the valley charging strategy can achieve the lowest peak-valley grid load difference (reducing the peak-valley load difference by 156.02 MW) and the greatest emission reductions (2,683,078.49 tons). However, higher investments in reserve batteries and chargers are required to enable service of all demands through valley charging. Based on the current technology, policy, and BSS plan, the BSSs cannot be profitable regardless of their charging strategies. The battery costs and the battery swapping price are the key factors that influence the life-cycle net income of BSSs. Business model innovation, such as charging taxi companies an annual battery rental fee (in the range of 10,300 to 12,160 yuan per battery), can help improve the financial feasibility of the BSSs.

Suggested Citation

  • Liang, Yanni & Cai, Hua & Zou, Guilin, 2021. "Configuration and system operation for battery swapping stations in Beijing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:214:y:2021:i:c:s0360544220319903
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2020.118883
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    2. Kaifu Yuan & Chao Li & Guangqiang Wu, 2023. "Study on Vehicle Supply Chain Operation Mode Selection Based on Battery Leasing and Battery Swapping Services," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-21, July.
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    4. Patel, Minakshi & Arora, Pratham & Singh, Rhythm & Mahapatra, Diptiranjan & Chaturvedi, Vaibhav & Kumar Saini, Santosh, 2024. "Impact of battery swapping in the passenger sector: EV adoption, emissions, and energy mix," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    5. Hu, Xu & Yang, Zhaojun & Sun, Jun & Zhang, Yali, 2023. "Optimal pricing strategy for electric vehicle battery swapping: Pay-per-swap or subscription?," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    6. Cui, Dingsong & Wang, Zhenpo & Liu, Peng & Wang, Shuo & Dorrell, David G. & Li, Xiaohui & Zhan, Weipeng, 2023. "Operation optimization approaches of electric vehicle battery swapping and charging station: A literature review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    7. Shen, Dongxu & Wu, Lifeng & Kang, Guoqing & Guan, Yong & Peng, Zhen, 2021. "A novel online method for predicting the remaining useful life of lithium-ion batteries considering random variable discharge current," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    8. Vallera, A.M. & Nunes, P.M. & Brito, M.C., 2021. "Why we need battery swapping technology," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    9. Wang, Ziqi & Hou, Sizu, 2023. "A real-time strategy for vehicle-to-station recommendation in battery swapping mode," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 272(C).
    10. Zhao, Hui & Hao, Xiang, 2024. "Location decision of electric vehicle charging station based on a novel grey correlation comprehensive evaluation multi-criteria decision method," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).
    11. Guohao Li & Tao Wang, 2022. "Long-Term Leases vs. One-Off Purchases: Game Analysis on Battery Swapping Mode Considering Cascade Utilization and Power Structure," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-28, December.
    12. Horak, Daniel & Hainoun, Ali & Neugebauer, Georg & Stoeglehner, Gernot, 2022. "A review of spatio-temporal urban energy system modeling for urban decarbonization strategy formulation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
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    14. Xuewen Geng & Fengbin An & Chengmin Wang & Xi He, 2023. "Battery Swapping Station Pricing Optimization Considering Market Clearing and Electric Vehicles’ Driving Demand," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-14, April.

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