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Metals, nitrides, and carbides via solar carbothermal reduction of metal oxides

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  • Murray, Jean P.
  • Steinfeld, Aldo
  • Fletcher, Edward A.

Abstract

We have examined the thermodynamics of the carbothermic reduction of metal oxides in either nitrogen or argon atmospheres. The reaction, which is given generally by (where the M denotes metal) MxOy + C (+ N2;) → {Mx′Ny′, Mx″Cy″, M} + CO, is highly endothermic and proceeds at temperatures from 1300 to 2350 K for the systems considered. Exploratory experimental studies were conducted in a solar furnace using concentrated solar radiation. The nature of the solid-phase products was determined by X-ray powder diffraction. Nitrides (AlN, TiN, Si3N4, ZrN) were formed for systems run in N2; carbides (Al4C3, TiC, SiC, CaC2) were formed for runs in Ar; and metals (Mg, Zn) were obtained from their oxides in an Ar atmosphere. The use of solar energy as the source of high-temperature process heat offers the possibility of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants to the environment when it replaces the burning of a fuel for process heat. Furthermore, the availability of process heat at very high temperatures may make alternative processes economically feasible.

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  • Murray, Jean P. & Steinfeld, Aldo & Fletcher, Edward A., 1995. "Metals, nitrides, and carbides via solar carbothermal reduction of metal oxides," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 20(7), pages 695-704.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:20:y:1995:i:7:p:695-704
    DOI: 10.1016/0360-5442(95)00032-C
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    Cited by:

    1. Yadav, Deepak & Banerjee, Rangan, 2016. "A review of solar thermochemical processes," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 497-532.
    2. Adinberg, Roman & Epstein, Michael, 2004. "Experimental study of solar reactors for carboreduction of zinc oxide," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 29(5), pages 757-769.
    3. Halmann, M. & Frei, A. & Steinfeld, A., 2007. "Carbothermal reduction of alumina: Thermochemical equilibrium calculations and experimental investigation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(12), pages 2420-2427.
    4. Srirat Chuayboon & Stéphane Abanades, 2020. "Solar Metallurgy for Sustainable Zn and Mg Production in a Vacuum Reactor Using Concentrated Sunlight," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-14, August.

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