IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v136y2024ics0140988324004080.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

How AI shapes greener futures: Comparative insights from equity vs debt investment responses in renewable energy

Author

Listed:
  • Wen, Jun
  • Yin, Hua-Tang
  • Chang, Chun-Ping
  • Tang, Kai

Abstract

This paper offers insights regarding the potential of AI software development to narrow the financing gap in renewables. By employing a panel of 49 economies covering 2011–2020, we estimate a two-way fixed effects model and reveal that AI software development significantly promotes equity investments in renewables while imposing no substantial effect on debt investments in the same field. Such results are robust to extra controls, outlier consideration, and the endogeneity concern. Moreover, it is found that AI software development's enhancing effect on equity investments in renewables manifests when the stringency of environmental policies, especially the intensity of public funding support for environmental-related R&D, is sufficiently high. Furthermore, AI software development has a more profound positive impact on equity investments in renewables in economies with more equal business opportunities and lower age dependency.

Suggested Citation

  • Wen, Jun & Yin, Hua-Tang & Chang, Chun-Ping & Tang, Kai, 2024. "How AI shapes greener futures: Comparative insights from equity vs debt investment responses in renewable energy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:136:y:2024:i:c:s0140988324004080
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107700
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988324004080
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107700?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lin, Ying & Yin, Hua-Tang & Wen, Jun & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "Assessing the impact of religion on environmental quality," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 48(1).
    2. Kahn, Matthew E. & Mohaddes, Kamiar & Ng, Ryan N.C. & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Raissi, Mehdi & Yang, Jui-Chung, 2021. "Long-term macroeconomic effects of climate change: A cross-country analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    3. Pata, Ugur Korkut & Alola, Andrew Adewale & Erdogan, Sinan & Kartal, Mustafa Tevfik, 2023. "The influence of income, economic policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk, and urbanization on renewable energy investments in G7 countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    4. Mazzucato, Mariana & Semieniuk, Gregor, 2018. "Financing renewable energy: Who is financing what and why it matters," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 8-22.
    5. Arellano, Manuel & Bover, Olympia, 1995. "Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 68(1), pages 29-51, July.
    6. Mahmood, Nasir & Zhao, Yingjun & Lou, Qinqin & Geng, Jinzhou, 2022. "Role of environmental regulations and eco-innovation in energy structure transition for green growth: Evidence from OECD," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    7. Du, Juntao & Shen, Zhiyang & Song, Malin & Vardanyan, Michael, 2023. "The role of green financing in facilitating renewable energy transition in China: Perspectives from energy governance, environmental regulation, and market reforms," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    8. Kelly, Arsene Mouongue & Ngo Nguéda Radler, Romaine Doline, 2024. "Does energy consumption matter for climate change in Africa? New insights from panel data analysis," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(3).
    9. McInerney, Celine & Bunn, Derek W., 2019. "Expansion of the investor base for the energy transition," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 1240-1244.
    10. Niu, Bingcheng, 2024. "Government environmental protection expenditure and national ESG performance: Global evidence," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(2).
    11. Polzin, Friedemann & Egli, Florian & Steffen, Bjarne & Schmidt, Tobias S., 2019. "How do policies mobilize private finance for renewable energy?—A systematic review with an investor perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C), pages 1249-1268.
    12. Chen, Xia & Fu, Qiang & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2021. "What are the shocks of climate change on clean energy investment: A diversified exploration," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    13. Weng, Chunfei & Huang, Jingong & Greenwood-Nimmo, Matthew, 2023. "The effect of clean energy investment on CO2 emissions: Insights from a Spatial Durbin Model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    14. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Wang, Fuhao & Chang, Yu-Fang, 2023. "Does green finance promote renewable energy? Evidence from China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    15. Gozgor, Giray & Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy, 2022. "Does energy diversification cause an economic slowdown? Evidence from a newly constructed energy diversification index," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    16. Wen, Jun & Yin, Hua-Tang & Jang, Chyi-Lu & Uchida, Hideaki & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2023. "Does corruption hurt green innovation? Yes – Global evidence from cross-validation," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    17. Lau, Chi Keung & Gozgor, Giray & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Patel, Gupteswar & Li, Jing, 2023. "Introducing a new measure of energy transition: Green quality of energy mix and its impact on CO2 emissions," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    18. Sui, Bo & Sharma, Susan Sunila & Yao, Liu-Yang & Ni, Guo-Hua & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "Does aging affect renewable energy? The role of extreme events and economic development," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    19. Blundell, Richard & Bond, Stephen, 1998. "Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 87(1), pages 115-143, August.
    20. Li, Xiaojing & Chen, Jing & Ai, Xingzheng, 2019. "Contract design in a cross-sales supply chain with demand information asymmetry," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 275(3), pages 939-956.
    21. Feng, Gen-Fu & Niu, Peng & Wang, Jun-Zhuo & Liu, Jian, 2022. "Capital market liberalization and green innovation for sustainability: Evidence from China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 610-623.
    22. Rahman, Md. Hasanur & Tanchangya, Tipon & Rahman, Junaid & Aktar, Most. Asikha & Majumder, Shapan Chandra, 2024. "Corporate social responsibility and green financing behavior in Bangladesh: Towards sustainable tourism," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(3).
    23. Wang, En-Ze & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Li, Yaya, 2022. "Assessing the impact of industrial robots on manufacturing energy intensity in 38 countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(C).
    24. Ping‐Chuan Jiang & Gen‐Fu Feng & Hai‐Jie Wang & Chun‐Ping Chang, 2024. "CSR from different perspectives: The global ESG indexes updated," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(5), pages 4694-4714, September.
    25. Mingbo Zheng & Qiang Du & Quan-Jing Wang, 2023. "Nexus between Green Finance and Renewable Energy Development in China," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 59(4), pages 1205-1218, March.
    26. Kawasaki, Akio & Naito, Tohru, 2024. "The influence of transportation costs and environmental damage on social welfare under asymmetric multi-market mixed oligopoly," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(3).
    27. Liu, Min & Liu, Hong-Fei & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2024. "An empirical study on the response of the energy market to the shock from the artificial intelligence industry," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    28. Yin, Hua-Tang & Chang, Chun-Ping & Anugrah, Donni Fajar & Gunadi, Iman, 2023. "Gender equality and central bank independence," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 661-672.
    29. Yin, Hua-Tang & Wen, Jun & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2022. "Science-technology intermediary and innovation in China: Evidence from State Administration for Market Regulation, 2000–2019," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    30. Zhang, Dongyang & Kong, Qunxi, 2022. "Green energy transition and sustainable development of energy firms: An assessment of renewable energy policy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
    31. Fan, Chenguang & Bae, Seongho & Liu, Yu, 2024. "Can FinTech transform corporate liquidity? Evidence from China," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(2).
    32. Wang, Jun-Zhuo & Feng, Gen-Fu & Yin, Hua-Tang & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2023. "Toward sustainable development: Does the rising oil price stimulate innovation in climate change mitigation technologies?," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 569-583.
    33. Pan, Yinghao & Zhang, Chao-Chao & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Lv, Suxiang, 2024. "Environmental performance evaluation of electric enterprises during a power crisis: Evidence from DEA methods and AI prediction algorithms," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    34. Wang, Hai-jie & Tang, Kai, 2023. "Extreme climate, innovative ability and energy efficiency," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    35. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Siddiqui, Aaliyah & Ahmad, Shabbir & Jiao, Zhilun, 2023. "Financial development as a new determinant of energy diversification: The role of natural capital and structural changes in Australia," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    36. Wang, Hai-Jie & Zheng, Mei-Qi & Yin, Hua-Tang & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "Green innovation, industrial structure and urban eco-efficiency in Chinese cities," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 1011-1024.
    37. Ming, Zeng & Ximei, Liu & Yulong, Li & Lilin, Peng, 2014. "Review of renewable energy investment and financing in China: Status, mode, issues and countermeasures," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 23-37.
    38. Lee, Chien-Chiang & Yuan, Zihao & Lee, Chi-Chuan & Chang, Yu-Fang, 2022. "The impact of renewable energy technology innovation on energy poverty: Does climate risk matter?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    39. Niu, Peng & Sun, Kun & Sun, Lirong & Chang, Chao-Wen, 2024. "The political economy and green innovation: A scientometric analysis," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(2).
    40. Noah Kittner & Felix Lill & Daniel M. Kammen, 2017. "Energy storage deployment and innovation for the clean energy transition," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 2(9), pages 1-6, September.
    41. Chishti, Muhammad Zubair & Sinha, Avik & Zaman, Umer & Shahzad, Umer, 2023. "Exploring the dynamic connectedness among energy transition and its drivers: Understanding the moderating role of global geopolitical risk," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    42. Han Long & Gen‐Fu Feng & Qiang Gong & Chun‐Ping Chang, 2023. "ESG performance and green innovation: An investigation based on quantile regression," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(7), pages 5102-5118, November.
    43. Toke S. Aidt & Vitor Castro & Rodrigo Martins, 2018. "Shades of red and blue: government ideology and sustainable development," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 175(3), pages 303-323, June.
    44. Elie, Luc & Granier, Caroline & Rigot, Sandra, 2021. "The different types of renewable energy finance: A Bibliometric analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    45. Han, Xinyu & Cai, Qihua, 2024. "Environmental regulation, green credit, and corporate environmental investment," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(3).
    46. Best, Rohan, 2017. "Switching towards coal or renewable energy? The effects of financial capital on energy transitions," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 75-83.
    47. Long, Han & Feng, Genfu, 2024. "Does national ESG performance curb greenhouse gas emissions?," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(3).
    48. Raihan, Asif & Mainul Bari, A.B.M., 2024. "Energy-economy-environment nexus in China: The role of renewable energies toward carbon neutrality," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(3).
    49. Esparcia, Carlos & Diaz, Antonio & Alonso, Daniel, 2023. "How important is green awareness in energy investment decisions? An environmentally-based rebalancing portfolio study," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    50. Bhat, Aijaz Ahmad & Mir, Ajaz Akber & Allie, Adeel Hussain & Ahmad Lone, Mushtaq & Al-Adwan, Ahmad Samed & Jamali, Dima & Riyaz, Iqra, 2024. "Unlocking corporate social responsibility and environmental performance: Mediating role of green strategy, innovation, and leadership," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(2).
    51. Gen-Fu Feng & Xudong Li, 2024. "The Roles of Anti-Monopoly on Green Innovation: Evidence from the Chinese Manufacturing Industry," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 60(1), pages 1-18, January.
    52. Sinha, Avik & Bekiros, Stelios & Hussain, Nazim & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Khan, Sana Akbar, 2023. "How social imbalance and governance quality shape policy directives for energy transition in the OECD countries?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    53. Ascioglu, Asli & Hegde, Shantaram P. & McDermott, John B., 2008. "Information asymmetry and investment-cash flow sensitivity," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(6), pages 1036-1048, June.
    54. Bajaj, Megha & Sasaki, Nophea & Tsusaka, Takuji W. & Venkatappa, Manjunatha & Abe, Issei & Shrestha, Rajendra P., 2024. "Assessing changes in mangrove forest cover and carbon stocks in the Lower Mekong Region using Google Earth Engine," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(3).
    55. Andor, Mark & Voss, Achim, 2016. "Optimal renewable-energy promotion: Capacity subsidies vs. generation subsidies," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 144-158.
    56. Krupa, Joel & Harvey, L.D. Danny, 2017. "Renewable electricity finance in the United States: A state-of-the-art review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 913-929.
    57. Zeng, Shihong & Liu, Yuchen & Liu, Chao & Nan, Xin, 2017. "A review of renewable energy investment in the BRICS countries: History, models, problems and solutions," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 860-872.
    58. Chen, Di & Hu, Haiqing & Wang, Ning & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "The impact of green finance on transformation to green energy: Evidence from industrial enterprises in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    59. Manuel Arellano & Stephen Bond, 1991. "Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 58(2), pages 277-297.
    60. Ahakwa, Isaac & Tackie, Evelyn Agba & Tackie, Faustina Korkor & Mangudhla, Tinashe & Baig, Jibal & Islam, Sartaj ul & Sarpong, Francis Atta, 2024. "Greening the path to carbon neutrality in the post-COP26 era: Embracing green energy, green innovation, and green human capital," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(3).
    61. Römer, Benedikt & Reichhart, Philipp & Kranz, Johann & Picot, Arnold, 2012. "The role of smart metering and decentralized electricity storage for smart grids: The importance of positive externalities," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 486-495.
    62. Liu, Xue-Ying & Zhao, Xin-Xin & Ma, Kun & Sharma, Susan Sunila, 2024. "The impact of financial sanctions on ESG performance of target countries," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    63. Mingbo Zheng & Gen-Fu Feng & Chun-Ping Chang, 2023. "Is green finance capable of promoting renewable energy technology? Empirical investigation for 64 economies worldwide," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 14(2), pages 483-510, June.
    64. Zvoleff, Alex & Kocaman, Ayse Selin & Huh, Woonghee Tim & Modi, Vijay, 2009. "The impact of geography on energy infrastructure costs," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(10), pages 4066-4078, October.
    65. Linda Schmid Klein & Thomas J. O’Brien & Stephen R. Peters, 2002. "Debt vs. Equity and Asymmetric Information: A Review," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 37(3), pages 317-349, August.
    66. Salihi, Awaisu Adamu & Ibrahim, Haslindar & Baharudin, Dayana Mastura, 2024. "Environmental governance as a driver of green innovation capacity and firm value creation," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(2).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chen, Di & Hu, Haiqing & Wang, Ning & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "The impact of green finance on transformation to green energy: Evidence from industrial enterprises in China," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    2. Chen, Mo & Xue, Wei-Xian & Zhao, Xin-Xin & Chang, Chun-Ping & Liu, Xiaoxia, 2024. "The impact of economic sanctions on the COVID-19 pandemic," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 163-174.
    3. Wang, Jun-Zhuo & Feng, Gen-Fu & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "How does political instability affect renewable energy innovation?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    4. Chen, Xia & Zhang, Huimin & Zhao, Xin Xin & Gong, Qiang & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "Do renewable energy investment and financial development mitigate climate change?," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    5. Chen, Lu & Ma, Yan & Feng, Gen-Fu & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "Does environmental governance mitigate the detriment of greenwashing on innovation in China?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    6. Wang, Hai-Jie & Zheng, Mei-Qi & Yin, Hua-Tang & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "Green innovation, industrial structure and urban eco-efficiency in Chinese cities," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 1011-1024.
    7. Sui, Bo & Sharma, Susan Sunila & Yao, Liu-Yang & Ni, Guo-Hua & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "Does aging affect renewable energy? The role of extreme events and economic development," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    8. Long, Han & Prasad, Biman & Krishna, Victor & Tang, Kai & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "Understanding the key determinants of Fiji's renewable energy," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 1144-1157.
    9. Wang, Quan-Jing & Sharma, Susan Sunila & Ni, Guo-Hua & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "Governance, energy utilization and environmental protection: Role of extreme events," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    10. Zhao, Qian & Wang, Lu & Stan, Sebastian-Emanuel & Mirza, Nawazish, 2024. "Can artificial intelligence help accelerate the transition to renewable energy?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    11. Ding, Tao & Li, Hao & Liu, Li & Feng, Kui, 2024. "An inquiry into the nexus between artificial intelligence and energy poverty in the light of global evidence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    12. Zhang, Xiaojing & Khan, Khalid & Shao, Xuefeng & Oprean-Stan, Camelia & Zhang, Qian, 2024. "The rising role of artificial intelligence in renewable energy development in China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 132(C).
    13. Tao, Weiliang & Weng, Shimei & Chen, Xueli & ALHussan, Fawaz Baddar & Song, Malin, 2024. "Artificial intelligence-driven transformations in low-carbon energy structure: Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    14. Lin, Ying & Yin, Hua-Tang & Wen, Jun & Chang, Chun-Ping, 2024. "Assessing the impact of religion on environmental quality," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 48(1).
    15. Wen, Jun & Zhang, Sen & Chang, Chun-Ping & Anugrah, Donni Fajar & Affandi, Yoga, 2023. "Does climate vulnerability promote green investment under energy supply restriction?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    16. Chishti, Muhammad Zubair & Xia, Xiqiang & Dogan, Eyup, 2024. "Understanding the effects of artificial intelligence on energy transition: The moderating role of Paris Agreement," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    17. Zhang, Weike & Zeng, Ming, 2024. "Is artificial intelligence a curse or a blessing for enterprise energy intensity? Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    18. Niu, Peng & Sun, Kun & Sun, Lirong & Chang, Chao-Wen, 2024. "The political economy and green innovation: A scientometric analysis," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(2).
    19. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Fang, Yuzhu & Quan, Shiyun & Li, Xinghao, 2024. "Leveraging the power of artificial intelligence toward the energy transition: The key role of the digital economy," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    20. Long, Han & Feng, Genfu, 2024. "Does national ESG performance curb greenhouse gas emissions?," Innovation and Green Development, Elsevier, vol. 3(3).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    AI software development; Investment in renewables; Energy; Environmental policy stringency; Social structure;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • P28 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Socialist and Transition Economies - - - Natural Resources; Environment
    • Q42 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Alternative Energy Sources

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:136:y:2024:i:c:s0140988324004080. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.