IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eneeco/v131y2024ics0140988324000252.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Spillover effects between fossil energy and green markets: Evidence from informational inefficiency

Author

Listed:
  • Ren, Xiaohang
  • Xiao, Ya
  • Duan, Kun
  • Urquhart, Andrew

Abstract

This paper builds an indicator of the market inefficiency degree by quantifying the extent of the market deviation from an efficient status. From a novel perspective of informational inefficiency, we further model the dynamic spillover effects between fossil energy and green markets by using a time-varying parameter vector autoregressive (TVP-VAR) model. Our findings indicate that the market inefficiency degree and its spillovers exhibit evident time-varying dynamics and are sensitive to extreme events. The international crude oil benchmarks serve as the most significant information transmitter and receiver in the spillover network of market inefficiency. Within green-related markets, carbon market demonstrates the strongest correlation with the fossil energy markets. Additional analyses involving consideration of economic policy uncertainty reassure the robustness of our findings.

Suggested Citation

  • Ren, Xiaohang & Xiao, Ya & Duan, Kun & Urquhart, Andrew, 2024. "Spillover effects between fossil energy and green markets: Evidence from informational inefficiency," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 131(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:131:y:2024:i:c:s0140988324000252
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107317
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988324000252
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107317?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jiang, Yonghong & Wang, Jieru & Lie, Jiayi & Mo, Bin, 2021. "Dynamic dependence nexus and causality of the renewable energy stock markets on the fossil energy markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233(C).
    2. Ding, Qian & Huang, Jianbai & Zhang, Hongwei, 2022. "Time-frequency spillovers among carbon, fossil energy and clean energy markets: The effects of attention to climate change," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    3. Diebold, Francis X. & Yılmaz, Kamil, 2014. "On the network topology of variance decompositions: Measuring the connectedness of financial firms," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 182(1), pages 119-134.
    4. Marco R. Barassi & Gianluigi De Pascale & Raffaele Lagravinese, 2021. "Testing the law of one-price in the US gasoline market: a long memory approach," SERIES 03-2021, Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", revised Jun 2021.
    5. Sultan Alturki & Alexander Kurov, 2022. "Market inefficiencies surrounding energy announcements," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(1), pages 172-188, January.
    6. Balcılar, Mehmet & Demirer, Rıza & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2016. "Risk spillovers across the energy and carbon markets and hedging strategies for carbon risk," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 159-172.
    7. Giorgio Canarella & Luis Gil-Alana & Rangan Gupta & Stephen M Miller, 2021. "Persistence and cyclical dynamics of US and UK house prices: Evidence from over 150 years of data," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 58(1), pages 53-72, January.
    8. Yang Liu & Tongshuai Qiao & Liyan Han, 2022. "Does clean energy matter? Revisiting the spillovers between energy and foreign exchange markets," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(11), pages 2068-2083, November.
    9. Gromb, Denis & Vayanos, Dimitri, 2002. "Equilibrium and welfare in markets with financially constrained arbitrageurs," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(2-3), pages 361-407.
    10. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Karim, Sitara & Farid, Saqib & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2022. "Comparing the asymmetric efficiency of dirty and clean energy markets pre and during COVID-19," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 548-562.
    11. Okoroafor, Ugochi Chibuzor & Leirvik, Thomas, 2022. "Time varying market efficiency in the Brent and WTI crude market," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 45(C).
    12. Reboredo, Juan C., 2018. "Green bond and financial markets: Co-movement, diversification and price spillover effects," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 38-50.
    13. Arif, Muhammad & Hasan, Mudassar & Alawi, Suha M. & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr, 2021. "COVID-19 and time-frequency connectedness between green and conventional financial markets," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    14. Tian, Shuairu & Hamori, Shigeyuki, 2016. "Time-varying price shock transmission and volatility spillover in foreign exchange, bond, equity, and commodity markets: Evidence from the United States," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 163-171.
    15. Jiang, Zhi-Qiang & Xie, Wen-Jie & Zhou, Wei-Xing, 2014. "Testing the weak-form efficiency of the WTI crude oil futures market," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 405(C), pages 235-244.
    16. Umar, Muhammad & Farid, Saqib & Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr, 2022. "Time-frequency connectedness among clean-energy stocks and fossil fuel markets: Comparison between financial, oil and pandemic crisis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C).
    17. Jonathan A. Batten & Cetin Ciner & Brian M. Lucey, 2015. "Which precious metals spill over on which, when and why? Some evidence," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(6), pages 466-473, April.
    18. Gabauer, David & Gupta, Rangan, 2020. "Spillovers across macroeconomic, financial and real estate uncertainties: A time-varying approach," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 167-173.
    19. Dominik M. Rösch & Avanidhar Subrahmanyam & Mathijs A. van Dijk, 2017. "The Dynamics of Market Efficiency," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 30(4), pages 1151-1187.
    20. Ajay K. Dhamija & Surendra S. Yadav & PK Jain, 2018. "Volatility spillover of energy markets into EUA markets under EU ETS: a multi-phase study," Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer;Society for Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - SEEPS, vol. 20(3), pages 561-591, July.
    21. Makarov, Igor & Schoar, Antoinette, 2020. "Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 100409, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    22. Mzoughi, Hela & Urom, Christian & Guesmi, Khaled, 2022. "Downside and upside risk spillovers between green finance and energy markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PA).
    23. Ren, Xiaohang & Li, Yiying & Qi, Yinshu & Duan, Kun, 2022. "Asymmetric effects of decomposed oil-price shocks on the EU carbon market dynamics," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PB).
    24. Shimotsu, Katsumi, 2010. "Exact Local Whittle Estimation Of Fractional Integration With Unknown Mean And Time Trend," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 26(2), pages 501-540, April.
    25. Adekoya, Oluwasegun B. & Oliyide, Johnson A. & Asl, Mahdi Ghaemi & Jalalifar, Saba, 2021. "Financing the green projects: Market efficiency and volatility persistence of green versus conventional bonds, and the comparative effects of health and financial crises," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    26. Zhang, Hua & Chen, Jinyu & Shao, Liuguo, 2021. "Dynamic spillovers between energy and stock markets and their implications in the context of COVID-19," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    27. Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Bouri, Elie & Kayani, Ghulam Mujtaba & Nasir, Rana Muhammad & Kristoufek, Ladislav, 2020. "Are clean energy stocks efficient? Asymmetric multifractal scaling behaviour," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 550(C).
    28. Fama, Eugene F, 1970. "Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 25(2), pages 383-417, May.
    29. Marcelo Perlin & Alfonso Dufour & Chris Brooks, 2014. "The determinants of a cross market arbitrage opportunity: theory and evidence for the European bond market," Annals of Finance, Springer, vol. 10(3), pages 457-480, August.
    30. Kanamura, Takashi, 2020. "Are green bonds environmentally friendly and good performing assets?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    31. Acharya, Viral V. & Lochstoer, Lars A. & Ramadorai, Tarun, 2013. "Limits to arbitrage and hedging: Evidence from commodity markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(2), pages 441-465.
    32. Song, Yingjie & Ji, Qiang & Du, Ya-Juan & Geng, Jiang-Bo, 2019. "The dynamic dependence of fossil energy, investor sentiment and renewable energy stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    33. Hauser, Michael A. & Reschenhofer, Erhard, 1995. "Estimation of the fractionally differencing parameter with the R/S method," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 20(5), pages 569-579, November.
    34. Ghazani, Majid Mirzaee & Ebrahimi, Seyed Babak, 2019. "Testing the adaptive market hypothesis as an evolutionary perspective on market efficiency: Evidence from the crude oil prices," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 60-68.
    35. Yun-Jung Lee & Neung-Woo Kim & Ki-Hong Choi & Seong-Min Yoon, 2020. "Analysis of the Informational Efficiency of the EU Carbon Emission Trading Market: Asymmetric MF-DFA Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-14, May.
    36. Ding, Liang & Luo, Yi & Lin, Yan & Huang, Yirong, 2021. "Revisiting the relations between Hurst exponent and fractional differencing parameter for long memory," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 566(C).
    37. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Aikins Abakah, Emmanuel Joel & Gabauer, David & Dwumfour, Richard Adjei, 2022. "Dynamic spillover effects among green bond, renewable energy stocks and carbon markets during COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for hedging and investments strategies," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    38. Yaqi Wu & Chen Zhang & Po Yun & Dandan Zhu & Wei Cao & Zulfiqar Ali Wagan, 2021. "Time–frequency analysis of the interaction mechanism between European carbon and crude oil markets," Energy & Environment, , vol. 32(7), pages 1331-1357, November.
    39. Luiz Augusto Magalhães & Thiago Christiano Silva & Benjamin Miranda Tabak, 2022. "Hedging commodities in times of distress: The case of COVID‐19," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 42(10), pages 1941-1959, October.
    40. Makarov, Igor & Schoar, Antoinette, 2020. "Trading and arbitrage in cryptocurrency markets," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 135(2), pages 293-319.
    41. Scott J. Niblock & Jennifer L. Harrison, 2013. "Carbon markets in times of VUCA: a weak-form efficiency investigation of the phase II EU ETS," Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 3(1), pages 38-56, January.
    42. Duan, Kun & Li, Zeming & Urquhart, Andrew & Ye, Jinqiang, 2021. "Dynamic efficiency and arbitrage potential in Bitcoin: A long-memory approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    43. Lingling Qian & Yuexiang Jiang & Huaigang Long, 2023. "Extreme risk spillovers between China and major international stock markets," Modern Finance, Modern Finance Institute, vol. 1(1), pages 30-34.
    44. Mobarek, Asma & Fiorante, Angelo, 2014. "The prospects of BRIC countries: Testing weak-form market efficiency," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 217-232.
    45. Gong, Xu & Shi, Rong & Xu, Jun & Lin, Boqiang, 2021. "Analyzing spillover effects between carbon and fossil energy markets from a time-varying perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    46. Reboredo, Juan C. & Ugolini, Andrea, 2020. "Price connectedness between green bond and financial markets," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 25-38.
    47. Wei, Yu & Zhang, Yaojie & Wang, Yudong, 2022. "Information connectedness of international crude oil futures: Evidence from SC, WTI, and Brent," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    48. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Bouri, Elie & Costa, Mabel D. & Naifar, Nader & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2021. "Energy markets and green bonds: A tail dependence analysis with time-varying optimal copulas and portfolio implications," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    49. Yao, Can-Zhong & Mo, Yi-Na & Zhang, Ze-Kun, 2021. "A study of the efficiency of the Chinese clean energy stock market and its correlation with the crude oil market based on an asymmetric multifractal scaling behavior analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    50. Diebold, Francis X. & Yilmaz, Kamil, 2012. "Better to give than to receive: Predictive directional measurement of volatility spillovers," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 57-66.
    51. Aamir Aijaz Syed & Farhan Ahmed & Muhammad Abdul Kamal & Assad Ullah & Jose Pedro Ramos-Requena, 2022. "Is There an Asymmetric Relationship between Economic Policy Uncertainty, Cryptocurrencies, and Global Green Bonds? Evidence from the United States of America," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-15, February.
    52. Fan, Xinghua & Lv, Xiangxiang & Yin, Jiuli & Tian, Lixin & Liang, Jiaochen, 2019. "Multifractality and market efficiency of carbon emission trading market: Analysis using the multifractal detrended fluctuation technique," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    53. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Nguyen, Thi Thu Ha & Nepal, Rabindra & Ngo, Quang-Thanh & Taghizadeh–Hesary, Farhad, 2021. "Asymmetric relationship between green bonds and commodities: Evidence from extreme quantile approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 43(C).
    54. Nikolaos Antonakakis & Ioannis Chatziantoniou & David Gabauer, 2020. "Refined Measures of Dynamic Connectedness based on Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressions," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, April.
    55. Urquhart, Andrew & McGroarty, Frank, 2016. "Are stock markets really efficient? Evidence of the adaptive market hypothesis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 39-49.
    56. Yang Liu & Liyan Han & Libo Yin, 2018. "Does news uncertainty matter for commodity futures markets? Heterogeneity in energy and non‐energy sectors," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 38(10), pages 1246-1261, October.
    57. Duan, Kun & Ren, Xiaohang & Shi, Yukun & Mishra, Tapas & Yan, Cheng, 2021. "The marginal impacts of energy prices on carbon price variations: Evidence from a quantile-on-quantile approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    58. Fernandes, Leonardo H.S. & Bouri, Elie & Silva, José W.L. & Bejan, Lucian & de Araujo, Fernando H.A., 2022. "The resilience of cryptocurrency market efficiency to COVID-19 shock," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 607(C).
    59. Choi, Sun-Yong, 2021. "Analysis of stock market efficiency during crisis periods in the US stock market: Differences between the global financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 574(C).
    60. Joonhyuk Song & Doojin Ryu & Jinyoung Yu, 2023. "Changes in the options contract size and arbitrage opportunities," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(1), pages 122-137, January.
    61. Chen, Jinyu & Liang, Zhipeng & Ding, Qian & Liu, Zhenhua, 2022. "Extreme spillovers among fossil energy, clean energy, and metals markets: Evidence from a quantile-based analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    62. Kantelhardt, Jan W & Koscielny-Bunde, Eva & Rego, Henio H.A & Havlin, Shlomo & Bunde, Armin, 2001. "Detecting long-range correlations with detrended fluctuation analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 295(3), pages 441-454.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhao, Wanli & Zhai, Xiangyang & Ji, Qiang & Liu, Zhenhua, 2024. "Measuring crisis from climate risk spillovers in European electricity markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    2. Ren, Xiaohang & Fu, Chenjia & Jin, Chenglu & Li, Yuyi, 2024. "Dynamic causality between global supply chain pressures and China's resource industries: A time-varying Granger analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 95(PA).
    3. Duan, Kun & Tan, Jinkui & Ren, Xiaohang & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad, 2024. "How does green investment respond differently to decomposed oil shocks?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Duan, Xiaoping & Xiao, Ya & Ren, Xiaohang & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad & Duan, Kun, 2023. "Dynamic spillover between traditional energy markets and emerging green markets: Implications for sustainable development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    2. Duan, Kun & Li, Zeming & Urquhart, Andrew & Ye, Jinqiang, 2021. "Dynamic efficiency and arbitrage potential in Bitcoin: A long-memory approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    3. Zhang, Jiahao & Chen, Xiaodan & Wei, Yu & Bai, Lan, 2023. "Does the connectedness among fossil energy returns matter for renewable energy stock returns? Fresh insights from the Cross-Quantilogram analysis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    4. Zhong, Meirui & Zhang, Rui & Ren, Xiaohang, 2023. "The time-varying effects of liquidity and market efficiency of the European Union carbon market: Evidence from the TVP-SVAR-SV approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    5. Su, Chi-Wei & Pang, Li-Dong & Qin, Meng & Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona & Umar, Muhammad, 2023. "The spillover effects among fossil fuel, renewables and carbon markets: Evidence under the dual dilemma of climate change and energy crises," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    6. Doğan, Buhari & Trabelsi, Nader & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Ghosh, Sudeshna, 2023. "Dynamic dependence and causality between crude oil, green bonds, commodities, geopolitical risks, and policy uncertainty," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 36-62.
    7. Pham, Linh & Cepni, Oguzhan, 2022. "Extreme directional spillovers between investor attention and green bond markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 186-210.
    8. Ahmed, Walid M.A. & Sleem, Mohamed A.E., 2023. "Short- and long-run determinants of the price behavior of US clean energy stocks: A dynamic ARDL simulations approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    9. Li, Hailing & Li, Yuxin & Zhang, Hua, 2023. "The spillover effects among the traditional energy markets, metal markets and sub-sector clean energy markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    10. Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Doğan, Buhari & Ghosh, Sudeshna, 2023. "Sustainable debt and gas markets: A new look using the time-varying wavelet-windowed cross-correlation approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(C).
    11. Qi, Xiaohong & Zhang, Guofu, 2022. "Dynamic connectedness of China’s green bonds and asset classes," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    12. Lu, Xunfa & Huang, Nan & Mo, Jianlei & Ye, Zhitao, 2023. "Dynamics of the return and volatility connectedness among green finance markets during the COVID-19 pandemic," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    13. Naeem, Muhammad Abubakr & Farid, Saqib & Ferrer, Román & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain, 2021. "Comparative efficiency of green and conventional bonds pre- and during COVID-19: An asymmetric multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    14. Man, Yuanyuan & Zhang, Sunpei & He, Yongda, 2024. "Dynamic risk spillover and hedging efficacy of China’s carbon-energy-finance markets: Economic policy uncertainty and investor sentiment non-linear causal effects," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 93(PA), pages 1397-1416.
    15. Hoque, Mohammad Enamul & Soo-Wah, Low & Billah, Mabruk, 2023. "Time-frequency connectedness and spillover among carbon, climate, and energy futures: Determinants and portfolio risk management implications," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PB).
    16. Wei, Yu & Zhang, Jiahao & Bai, Lan & Wang, Yizhi, 2023. "Connectedness among El Niño-Southern Oscillation, carbon emission allowance, crude oil and renewable energy stock markets: Time- and frequency-domain evidence based on TVP-VAR model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 289-309.
    17. Huang, Zishan & Zhu, Huiming & Hau, Liya & Deng, Xi, 2023. "Time-frequency co-movement and network connectedness between green bond and financial asset markets: Evidence from multiscale TVP-VAR analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    18. Duan, Kun & Zhang, Liya & Urquhart, Andrew & Yao, Kai & Peng, Long, 2024. "Do clean and dirty cryptocurrencies connect financial assets differently? The perspective of market inefficiency," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 70(PB).
    19. Mesut Doğan & Sutbayeva Raikhan & Nurbossynova Zhanar & Bodaukhan Gulbagda, 2023. "Analysis of Dynamic Connectedness Relationships among Clean Energy, Carbon Emission Allowance, and BIST Indexes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-13, March.
    20. Duan, Kun & Gao, Yang & Mishra, Tapas & Satchell, Stephen, 2023. "Efficiency dynamics across segmented Bitcoin Markets: Evidence from a decomposition strategy," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:131:y:2024:i:c:s0140988324000252. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/eneco .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.