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Are boys left behind? The evolution of the gender achievement gap in Beijing's middle schools

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  • Lai, Fang

Abstract

Using one cohort of 7235 middle school students in Beijing, China, we examined the evolution of the gender achievement gap in middle school. Our study found a more significant female dominance than in U.S. studies: even though boys gradually caught up during middle school, especially in Math and Science, and the gender achievement gap decreased over the distribution of test scores, girls outperformed boys throughout primary and middle school and in each quartile of the performance distribution. As well, girls had a more positive school experience than boys, and boys had a higher dropout rate by the end of middle school. Despite significant gender differences in various important characteristics that have explained the gender achievement gap in the U.S., in our study, primary school test scores seemed to be the only significant source of the gender achievement gap at the end of middle school, indicating the importance of early intervention.

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  • Lai, Fang, 2010. "Are boys left behind? The evolution of the gender achievement gap in Beijing's middle schools," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 383-399, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecoedu:v:29:y:2010:i:3:p:383-399
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    3. Lu, M., 2018. "The gender gap in math performance, self-concept, and anxiety: rural and urban China in an international context," 2018 Conference, July 28-August 2, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia 277189, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
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    6. Figlio, D. & Karbownik, K. & Salvanes, K.G., 2016. "Education Research and Administrative Data," Handbook of the Economics of Education,, Elsevier.
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    8. Daniel Suryadarma, 2015. "Gender differences in numeracy in Indonesia: evidence from a longitudinal dataset," Education Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(2), pages 180-198, April.
    9. Golsteyn, Bart H.H. & Schils, Trudie, 2014. "Gender Gaps in Primary School Achievement: A Decomposition into Endowments and Returns to IQ and Non-cognitive Factors," IZA Discussion Papers 8201, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    10. Gong, Xin & Zhang, Hui & Yao, Haogen, 2015. "The determinants of compulsory education performance of migrant children in Beijing: An analysis of two cohorts," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 1-15.
    11. Yuhe Guo & Qihui Chen & Shengying Zhai & Chunchen Pei, 2020. "Does private tutoring improve student learning in China? Evidence from the China Education Panel Survey," Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 7(3), pages 322-343, September.
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    14. Yamauchi, Futoshi & Tiongco, Marites, 2013. "Why women are progressive in education? Gender disparities in human capital, labor markets, and family arrangement in the Philippines," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 196-206.
    15. Hinnerich, Björn Tyrefors & Höglin, Erik & Johannesson, Magnus, 2011. "Are boys discriminated in Swedish high schools?," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(4), pages 682-690, August.
    16. Xu, Di & Li, Qiujie, 2018. "Gender achievement gaps among Chinese middle school students and the role of teachers’ gender," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 82-93.
    17. Zhang, Y. Jane, 2013. "Culture and the Gender Gap in Competitive Inclination: Evidence from the Communist Experiment in China," MPRA Paper 47356, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Ke, Shen & Lee, Sang-Hyop, 2014. "Benefit Incidence of Public Transfers: Evidence from the People’s Republic of China," ADB Economics Working Paper Series 413, Asian Development Bank.
    19. He, Yinghua, 2012. "Gaming the Boston School Choice Mechanism in Beijing," TSE Working Papers 12-345, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
    20. Ha Trong Nguyen, 2015. "The evolution of the gender test score gap through seventh grade: New insights from Australia using quantile regression and decomposition," Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre Working Paper series WP1507, Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre (BCEC), Curtin Business School.
    21. Liu, Ting & Holmes, Kathryn & Albright, James, 2015. "Predictors of mathematics achievement of migrant children in Chinese urban schools: A comparative study," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 35-42.
    22. Chunhan Huang & Junyun Shi & Xiaodong Zeng, 2023. "Personality Traits, Student-Teacher Relationships and Boys’ Academic Crisis in China: Evidence From the Least Developed Regions," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, December.
    23. Shen, Ke & Wang, Feng & Cai, Yong, 2016. "Patterns of inequalities in public transfers by gender in China," The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Elsevier, vol. 8(C), pages 76-84.

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