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Acceleration of the alternating least squares algorithm for principal components analysis

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  • Kuroda, Masahiro
  • Mori, Yuichi
  • Iizuka, Masaya
  • Sakakihara, Michio

Abstract

Principal components analysis (PCA) is a popular descriptive multivariate method for handling quantitative data and it can be extended to deal with qualitative data and mixed measurement level data. The existing algorithms for extended PCA are PRINCIPALS of Young et al. (1978) and PRINCALS of Gifi (1989) in which the alternating least squares algorithm is utilized. These algorithms based on the least squares estimation may require many iterations in their application to very large data sets and variable selection problems and may take a long time to converge. In this paper, we derive a new iterative algorithm for accelerating the convergence of PRINCIPALS and PRINCALS by using the vector [epsilon] algorithm of Wynn (1962). The proposed acceleration algorithm speeds up the convergence of the sequence of the parameter estimates obtained from PRINCIPALS or PRINCALS. Numerical experiments illustrate the potential of the proposed acceleration algorithm.

Suggested Citation

  • Kuroda, Masahiro & Mori, Yuichi & Iizuka, Masaya & Sakakihara, Michio, 2011. "Acceleration of the alternating least squares algorithm for principal components analysis," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 55(1), pages 143-153, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:csdana:v:55:y:2011:i:1:p:143-153
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mingfeng Wang & Masahiro Kuroda & Michio Sakakihara & Zhi Geng, 2008. "Acceleration of the EM algorithm using the vector epsilon algorithm," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 469-486, July.
    2. Forrest Young & Yoshio Takane & Jan Leeuw, 1978. "The principal components of mixed measurement level multivariate data: An alternating least squares method with optimal scaling features," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 43(2), pages 279-281, June.
    3. Krijnen, Wim P., 2006. "Convergence of the sequence of parameters generated by alternating least squares algorithms," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(2), pages 481-489, November.
    4. Forrest Young, 1981. "Quantitative analysis of qualitative data," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 46(4), pages 357-388, December.
    5. Kiers, Henk A. L., 2002. "Setting up alternating least squares and iterative majorization algorithms for solving various matrix optimization problems," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 41(1), pages 157-170, November.
    6. Kuroda, Masahiro & Sakakihara, Michio, 2006. "Accelerating the convergence of the EM algorithm using the vector [epsilon] algorithm," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(3), pages 1549-1561, December.
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    1. Masahiro Kuroda & Yuichi Mori & Masaya Iizuka, 2023. "Speeding up the convergence of the alternating least squares algorithm using vector $$\varepsilon $$ ε acceleration and restarting for nonlinear principal component analysis," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 243-262, March.

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