IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v377y2025ipds0306261924020361.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Enhanced energy management of fuel cell electric vehicles using integral sliding mode control and passivity-based control

Author

Listed:
  • Badji, Abderrezak
  • Obeid, Hussein
  • Hilairet, Mickael
  • Laghrouche, Salah
  • Abdeslam, Djaffar Ould
  • Djerdir, Abdesslem

Abstract

This study introduces a novel control strategy and energy management system for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), aimed at enhancing reliability and reducing maintenance costs without the need for a Load Current Sensor (LCS). Integrating Integral Sliding Mode Control (ISMC) with Passivity-Based Control (PBC), the method focuses on regulating DC bus voltage, smoothing Fuel Cell (FC) current, and optimizing power distribution between the FC and SC, even without load current information. Notably, it eliminates the need for a load current sensor, dispenses with the requirement of an observer or a low-pass filter to estimate the load admittance, and guarantees overall system stability. Simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) tests validate its effectiveness, demonstrating its potential to enhance the competitiveness of FCEVs within the automotive sector.

Suggested Citation

  • Badji, Abderrezak & Obeid, Hussein & Hilairet, Mickael & Laghrouche, Salah & Abdeslam, Djaffar Ould & Djerdir, Abdesslem, 2025. "Enhanced energy management of fuel cell electric vehicles using integral sliding mode control and passivity-based control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 377(PD).
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pd:s0306261924020361
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124653
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261924020361
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124653?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wehrle, Lukas & Ashar, Akhil & Deutschmann, Olaf & Braun, Robert J., 2024. "Evaluating high power density, direct-ammonia SOFC stacks for decarbonizing heavy-duty transportation applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
    2. Guo, Ningyuan & Zhang, Xudong & Zou, Yuan & Guo, Lingxiong & Du, Guodong, 2021. "Real-time predictive energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles for coordination of fuel economy and battery degradation," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C).
    3. Wang, Zhenzhen & Zhou, Jun & Rizzoni, Giorgio, 2022. "A review of architectures and control strategies of dual-motor coupling powertrain systems for battery electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    4. Wang, Yujie & Liu, Chang & Pan, Rui & Chen, Zonghai, 2017. "Modeling and state-of-charge prediction of lithium-ion battery and ultracapacitor hybrids with a co-estimator," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 739-750.
    5. Förster, Robert & Kaiser, Matthias & Wenninger, Simon, 2023. "Future vehicle energy supply - sustainable design and operation of hybrid hydrogen and electric microgrids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    6. Trancho, E. & Ibarra, E. & Arias, A. & Kortabarria, I. & Prieto, P. & Martínez de Alegría, I. & Andreu, J. & López, I., 2018. "Sensorless control strategy for light-duty EVs and efficiency loss evaluation of high frequency injection under standardized urban driving cycles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C), pages 647-658.
    7. Badji, Abderrezak & Abdeslam, Djaffar Ould & Chabane, Djafar & Benamrouche, Nacereddine, 2022. "Real-time implementation of improved power frequency approach based energy management of fuel cell electric vehicle considering storage limitations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    8. Trinko, David & Horesh, Noah & Porter, Emily & Dunckley, Jamie & Miller, Erika & Bradley, Thomas, 2023. "Transportation and electricity systems integration via electric vehicle charging-as-a-service: A review of techno-economic and societal benefits," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
    9. Badji, Abderrezak & Abdeslam, Djaffar Ould & Becherif, Mohamed & Eltoumi, Fouad & Benamrouche, Nacereddine, 2020. "Analyze and evaluate of energy management system for fuel cell electric vehicle based on frequency splitting," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 65-77.
    10. Zhang, Hailong & Peng, Jiankun & Dong, Hanxuan & Tan, Huachun & Ding, Fan, 2023. "Hierarchical reinforcement learning based energy management strategy of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle for ecological car-following process," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 333(C).
    11. Wang, Yujie & Sun, Zhendong & Chen, Zonghai, 2019. "Energy management strategy for battery/supercapacitor/fuel cell hybrid source vehicles based on finite state machine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    12. Zeng, Zezhi & Qian, Yuping & Zhang, Yangjun & Hao, Changkun & Dan, Dan & Zhuge, Weilin, 2020. "A review of heat transfer and thermal management methods for temperature gradient reduction in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    13. Tie, Siang Fui & Tan, Chee Wei, 2013. "A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 82-102.
    14. Tran, Dai-Duong & Vafaeipour, Majid & El Baghdadi, Mohamed & Barrero, Ricardo & Van Mierlo, Joeri & Hegazy, Omar, 2020. "Thorough state-of-the-art analysis of electric and hybrid vehicle powertrains: Topologies and integrated energy management strategies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    15. Iqbal, Mehroze & Becherif, Mohamed & Ramadan, Haitham S. & Badji, Abderrezak, 2021. "Dual-layer approach for systematic sizing and online energy management of fuel cell hybrid vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    16. İnci, Mustafa & Büyük, Mehmet & Demir, Mehmet Hakan & İlbey, Göktürk, 2021. "A review and research on fuel cell electric vehicles: Topologies, power electronic converters, energy management methods, technical challenges, marketing and future aspects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Badji, Abderrezak & Abdeslam, Djaffar Ould & Chabane, Djafar & Benamrouche, Nacereddine, 2022. "Real-time implementation of improved power frequency approach based energy management of fuel cell electric vehicle considering storage limitations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C).
    2. Saiteja, Pemmareddy & Ashok, B., 2022. "Critical review on structural architecture, energy control strategies and development process towards optimal energy management in hybrid vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    3. Wang, Yujie & Sun, Zhendong & Li, Xiyun & Yang, Xiaoyu & Chen, Zonghai, 2019. "A comparative study of power allocation strategies used in fuel cell and ultracapacitor hybrid systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C).
    4. Chen, Z. & Liu, Y. & Ye, M. & Zhang, Y. & Chen, Z. & Li, G., 2021. "A survey on key techniques and development perspectives of equivalent consumption minimisation strategy for hybrid electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    5. Iqbal, Mehroze & Laurent, Julien & Benmouna, Amel & Becherif, Mohamed & Ramadan, Haitham S. & Claude, Frederic, 2022. "Ageing-aware load following control for composite-cost optimal energy management of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
    6. Naoui Mohamed & Flah Aymen & Abdullah Altamimi & Zafar A. Khan & Sbita Lassaad, 2022. "Power Management and Control of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Photovoltaic, Fuel Cells, and Battery Energy Sources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-20, February.
    7. Chi T. P. Nguyen & Bảo-Huy Nguyễn & Minh C. Ta & João Pedro F. Trovão, 2023. "Dual-Motor Dual-Source High Performance EV: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-28, October.
    8. Zou, Weitao & Li, Jianwei & Yang, Qingqing & Wan, Xinming & He, Yuntang & Lan, Hao, 2023. "A real-time energy management approach with fuel cell and battery competition-synergy control for the fuel cell vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    9. Dong, Peng & Zhao, Junwei & Liu, Xuewu & Wu, Jian & Xu, Xiangyang & Liu, Yanfang & Wang, Shuhan & Guo, Wei, 2022. "Practical application of energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles based on intelligent and connected technologies: Development stages, challenges, and future trends," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    10. Zuo, Jian & Steiner, Nadia Yousfi & Li, Zhongliang & Hissel, Daniel, 2024. "Health management review for fuel cells: Focus on action phase," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 201(C).
    11. Wang, Yujie & Chen, Zonghai, 2020. "A framework for state-of-charge and remaining discharge time prediction using unscented particle filter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    12. Lu, Dagang & Yi, Fengyan & Hu, Donghai & Li, Jianwei & Yang, Qingqing & Wang, Jing, 2023. "Online optimization of energy management strategy for FCV control parameters considering dual power source lifespan decay synergy," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    13. Vamsi Krishna Reddy, Aala Kalananda & Venkata Lakshmi Narayana, Komanapalli, 2022. "Meta-heuristics optimization in electric vehicles -an extensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    14. Alcázar-García, Désirée & Romeral Martínez, José Luis, 2022. "Model-based design validation and optimization of drive systems in electric, hybrid, plug-in hybrid and fuel cell vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
    15. Ioan-Sorin Sorlei & Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong & Mihai Varlam & Elena Carcadea & Mihai Culcer & Mariana Iliescu & Mircea Raceanu, 2021. "Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles—A Brief Review of Current Topologies and Energy Management Strategies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-29, January.
    16. He, Hongwen & Meng, Xiangfei & Wang, Yong & Khajepour, Amir & An, Xiaowen & Wang, Renguang & Sun, Fengchun, 2024. "Deep reinforcement learning based energy management strategies for electrified vehicles: Recent advances and perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    17. Anselma, Pier Giuseppe & Belingardi, Giovanni, 2022. "Fuel cell electrified propulsion systems for long-haul heavy-duty trucks: present and future cost-oriented sizing," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    18. Reddi Khasim, Shaik & Dhanamjayulu, C., 2021. "Selection parameters and synthesis of multi-input converters for electric vehicles: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    19. Dong, Ao & Ma, Ruifei & Deng, Yelin, 2023. "Optimization on charging of the direct hybrid lithium-ion battery and supercapacitor for high power application through resistance balancing," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 273(C).
    20. Yanwei Liu & Jiansheng Liang & Jiaqing Song & Jie Ye, 2022. "Research on Energy Management Strategy of Fuel Cell Vehicle Based on Multi-Dimensional Dynamic Programming," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-20, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:377:y:2025:i:pd:s0306261924020361. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.