IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v351y2023ics0306261923012291.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Optimization of speed trajectory for electric wheel loaders: Battery lifetime extension

Author

Listed:
  • Zhang, Haoxiang
  • Wang, Feng
  • Lin, Zichang
  • Xu, Bing

Abstract

The electrification of wheel loaders is considered a leading trend due to its advantage of zero‑carbon emissions. However, the inevitable phenomenon of battery degradation has led to increased battery usage and maintenance costs. This study first extends the battery lifetime by optimizing the speed trajectory based on the typical loading cycle of the wheel loader. The optimal control problem is formulated by systematically modeling the wheel loader's powertrain and using a precise semi-empirical battery aging model. To reduce computational costs, the modified optimal control problem includes a weighted penalty on travel time. Unlike the conventional dynamic programming method that takes substantial computation time, a combined algorithm of dynamic programming and Brent's method (DP-BM) is first introduced to provide a numerical solution to the optimization problem with a reduced computational burden. Simulation results demonstrate that the optimized trajectory can decrease the average power consumption of the battery and reduce the number of full equivalent cycles, resulting in a 4.48% improvement in the average battery lifetime compared to the typical trajectory. Modeling errors are analyzed to make sure the results are reliable. Furthermore, the proposed approach significantly reduces computation time compared to the conventional dynamic programming method, with an average reduction of 95%. The total cost for each year is finally summarized, and the results indicate that the optimized trajectory offers a distinct advantage in terms of cost-effectiveness.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhang, Haoxiang & Wang, Feng & Lin, Zichang & Xu, Bing, 2023. "Optimization of speed trajectory for electric wheel loaders: Battery lifetime extension," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 351(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:351:y:2023:i:c:s0306261923012291
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121865
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261923012291
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121865?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wei, Shouyang & Zou, Yuan & Sun, Fengchun & Christopher, Onder, 2017. "A pseudospectral method for solving optimal control problem of a hybrid tracked vehicle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 588-595.
    2. Hsieh, I-Yun Lisa & Pan, Menghsuan Sam & Chiang, Yet-Ming & Green, William H., 2019. "Learning only buys you so much: Practical limits on battery price reduction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 239(C), pages 218-224.
    3. Peter M. Attia & Aditya Grover & Norman Jin & Kristen A. Severson & Todor M. Markov & Yang-Hung Liao & Michael H. Chen & Bryan Cheong & Nicholas Perkins & Zi Yang & Patrick K. Herring & Muratahan Ayko, 2020. "Closed-loop optimization of fast-charging protocols for batteries with machine learning," Nature, Nature, vol. 578(7795), pages 397-402, February.
    4. Yan, Lisen & Peng, Jun & Gao, Dianzhu & Wu, Yue & Liu, Yongjie & Li, Heng & Liu, Weirong & Huang, Zhiwu, 2022. "A hybrid method with cascaded structure for early-stage remaining useful life prediction of lithium-ion battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    5. Yuan, Weichang & Frey, H. Christopher, 2020. "Potential for metro rail energy savings and emissions reduction via eco-driving," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    6. Zhang, Haoxiang & Wang, Feng & Xu, Bing & Fiebig, Wieslaw, 2022. "Extending battery lifetime for electric wheel loaders with electric-hydraulic hybrid powertrain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 261(PB).
    7. Zhu, Yueying & Wu, Hao & Zhen, Chengcong, 2021. "Regenerative braking control under sliding braking condition of electric vehicles with switched reluctance motor drive system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Che, Yunhong & Zheng, Yusheng & Wu, Yue & Sui, Xin & Bharadwaj, Pallavi & Stroe, Daniel-Ioan & Yang, Yalian & Hu, Xiaosong & Teodorescu, Remus, 2022. "Data efficient health prognostic for batteries based on sequential information-driven probabilistic neural network," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 323(C).
    2. Thelen, Adam & Li, Meng & Hu, Chao & Bekyarova, Elena & Kalinin, Sergey & Sanghadasa, Mohan, 2022. "Augmented model-based framework for battery remaining useful life prediction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 324(C).
    3. Pietro Iurilli & Luigi Luppi & Claudio Brivio, 2022. "Non-Invasive Detection of Lithium-Metal Battery Degradation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-14, September.
    4. Mousavi, Navid & Kothapalli, Ganesh & Habibi, Daryoush & Das, Choton K. & Baniasadi, Ali, 2020. "A novel photovoltaic-pumped hydro storage microgrid applicable to rural areas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    5. Hasret Sahin & A. A. Solomon & Arman Aghahosseini & Christian Breyer, 2024. "Systemwide energy return on investment in a sustainable transition towards net zero power systems," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-15, December.
    6. Yuqiang Zeng & Buyi Zhang & Yanbao Fu & Fengyu Shen & Qiye Zheng & Divya Chalise & Ruijiao Miao & Sumanjeet Kaur & Sean D. Lubner & Michael C. Tucker & Vincent Battaglia & Chris Dames & Ravi S. Prashe, 2023. "Extreme fast charging of commercial Li-ion batteries via combined thermal switching and self-heating approaches," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-9, December.
    7. Gu, Xubo & Bai, Hanyu & Cui, Xiaofan & Zhu, Juner & Zhuang, Weichao & Li, Zhaojian & Hu, Xiaosong & Song, Ziyou, 2024. "Challenges and opportunities for second-life batteries: Key technologies and economy," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    8. Karan Bhuwalka & Randolph E. Kirchain & Elsa A. Olivetti & Richard Roth, 2023. "Quantifying the drivers of long‐term prices in materials supply chains," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 27(1), pages 141-154, February.
    9. Zhou, Shijie & Cao, Sunliang, 2024. "Co-ordinations of ocean energy supported energy sharing between zero-emission cross-harbour buildings in the Greater Bay Area," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 359(C).
    10. Schauf, Magnus & Schwenen, Sebastian, 2023. "System price dynamics for battery storage," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C).
    11. Hsieh, I-Yun Lisa & Pan, Menghsuan Sam & Green, William H., 2020. "Transition to electric vehicles in China: Implications for private motorization rate and battery market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 144(C).
    12. Penelope K. Jones & Ulrich Stimming & Alpha A. Lee, 2022. "Impedance-based forecasting of lithium-ion battery performance amid uneven usage," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, December.
    13. Cotterman, Turner & Fuchs, Erica R.H. & Whitefoot, Kate S. & Combemale, Christophe, 2024. "The transition to electrified vehicles: Evaluating the labor demand of manufacturing conventional versus battery electric vehicle powertrains," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
    14. Freitas Gomes, Icaro Silvestre & Perez, Yannick & Suomalainen, Emilia, 2020. "Coupling small batteries and PV generation: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    15. Lyu, Guangzheng & Zhang, Heng & Miao, Qiang, 2023. "An interpretable state of health estimation method for lithium-ion batteries based on multi-category and multi-stage features," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    16. Xuekun Lu & Marco Lagnoni & Antonio Bertei & Supratim Das & Rhodri E. Owen & Qi Li & Kieran O’Regan & Aaron Wade & Donal P. Finegan & Emma Kendrick & Martin Z. Bazant & Dan J. L. Brett & Paul R. Shear, 2023. "Multiscale dynamics of charging and plating in graphite electrodes coupling operando microscopy and phase-field modelling," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-14, December.
    17. Jichao Liu & Yanyan Liang & Zheng Chen & Wenpeng Chen, 2023. "Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Loaders: Classification, Comparison and Prospect," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-23, March.
    18. Yin, Yilin & Choe, Song-Yul, 2020. "Actively temperature controlled health-aware fast charging method for lithium-ion battery using nonlinear model predictive control," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 271(C).
    19. Vecchi, Andrea & Sciacovelli, Adriano, 2023. "Long-duration thermo-mechanical energy storage – Present and future techno-economic competitiveness," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 334(C).
    20. Yang, Chao & Sun, Tonglin & Wang, Weida & Li, Ying & Zhang, Yuhang & Zha, Mingjun, 2024. "Regenerative braking system development and perspectives for electric vehicles: An overview," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:351:y:2023:i:c:s0306261923012291. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.