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Test and optimization of a control algorithm for demand-oriented operation of CHP units using hardware-in-the-loop

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  • Haase, Patrick
  • Thomas, Bernd

Abstract

This paper covers test and verification of a forecast-based Monte Carlo algorithm for an optimized, demand-oriented operation of combined heat and power (CHP) units using the hardware-in-the-loop approach. For this purpose, the optimization algorithm was implemented at a test bench at Reutlingen University for controlling a CHP unit in combination with a thermal energy storage, both in real hardware. In detail, the hardware-in-the-loop tests are intended to reveal the effects of demand forecasting accuracy, the impact of thermal energy storage capacity and the influence of load profiles on demand-oriented operation of CHP units. In addition, the paper focuses on the evaluation of the content of energy in the thermal energy storage under practical conditions. It is shown that a 5-layer model allows to determine the energy stored quite accurately, which is verified by experimental results. The hardware-in-the-loop tests disclose that demand forecasting accuracies, especially electricity demand forecasting, as well as load profiles strongly impact the potential for CHP electricity utilization on-site in demand-oriented mode. Moreover, it is shown that a larger effective capacity of the thermal energy storage positively affects demand-oriented operation. In the hardware-in-the-loop tests, the fraction of electricity generated by the CHP unit utilized on-site could thus be increased by a maximum of 27% compared to heat-led operation, which is still the most common modus operandi of small-scale CHP plants. Hence, the hardware-in-the-loop tests were adequate to prove the significant impact of the proposed algorithm for optimization of demand-oriented operation of CHP units.

Suggested Citation

  • Haase, Patrick & Thomas, Bernd, 2021. "Test and optimization of a control algorithm for demand-oriented operation of CHP units using hardware-in-the-loop," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:294:y:2021:i:c:s0306261921004487
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116974
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wessam El-Baz & Lukas Mayerhofer & Peter Tzscheutschler & Ulrich Wagner, 2018. "Hardware in the Loop Real-Time Simulation for Heating Systems: Model Validation and Dynamics Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(11), pages 1-15, November.
    2. Elsido, Cristina & Bischi, Aldo & Silva, Paolo & Martelli, Emanuele, 2017. "Two-stage MINLP algorithm for the optimal synthesis and design of networks of CHP units," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 403-426.
    3. Tejeda De La Cruz, Alberto & Riviere, Philippe & Marchio, Dominique & Cauret, Odile & Milu, Anamaria, 2017. "Hardware in the loop test bench using Modelica: A platform to test and improve the control of heating systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 107-120.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Víctor Sanz i López & Ramon Costa-Castelló & Carles Batlle, 2022. "Literature Review of Energy Management in Combined Heat and Power Systems Based on High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for Residential Comfort Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-22, September.
    3. Michael J. Ritchie & Jacobus A. A. Engelbrecht & M. J. (Thinus) Booysen, 2021. "Which Strategy Saves the Most Energy for Stratified Water Heaters?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-12, August.

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