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Direct production of biodiesel from waste oils with a strong solid base from alkalized industrial clay ash

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  • Cong, Wen-Jie
  • Wang, Yi-Tong
  • Li, Hu
  • Fang, Zhen
  • Sun, Jie
  • Liu, Hai-Tong
  • Liu, Jie-Teng
  • Tang, Song
  • Xu, Lujiang

Abstract

Biodiesel was directly one-step produced from waste oils without pretreatment catalyzed by a solid base alkalized from spent bleaching clay (SBC) ash. Optimized conditions were obtained with 99.1% biodiesel yield from soybean oil with an orthogonal design. The base catalyst was stable within 8 cycles (>95% biodiesel yield) and resistant to saponification (AV = 9.7 mg KOH/g, 96.5% biodiesel yield). The base was characterized with XRD, EDX-mapping, FT-IR, XRF and TPD, and it had similar strong basicity to Na2SiO3 (0.21 vs. 0.22 mmol/g for Na2SiO3) with active sites of Na2O and CH3ONa evolved from Na2SiO3 and NaAlSiO4 by reactions of NaOH with oxides (e.g., SiO2, Al2O3) in SBC ash. Furthermore, the base was magnetized with magnetism of 6.86 emu/g by carbonizing residual oil in SBC as carbon support and reductant (of Fe2O3 to magnetic Fe3O4 particles). It catalyzed soybean oil to produce biodiesel with 99.2% yield and blended oil (AV = 5.9) to biodiesel with 91.9% yield without any saponification. The catalyst was magnetically separated and reused for 3 cycles with 87% yield. The non-magnetic base could also efficiently catalyze actual SBC oil for the production of biodiesel with 95% yield at AV of 10. This work realized the full use of inorganics in SBC, and its oil for direct biodiesel production at a low temperature (i.e., 65 vs. 120 °C with sulfuric acid process) without wastes produced and results can easily find practical applications for waste oils.

Suggested Citation

  • Cong, Wen-Jie & Wang, Yi-Tong & Li, Hu & Fang, Zhen & Sun, Jie & Liu, Hai-Tong & Liu, Jie-Teng & Tang, Song & Xu, Lujiang, 2020. "Direct production of biodiesel from waste oils with a strong solid base from alkalized industrial clay ash," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:264:y:2020:i:c:s0306261920302476
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114735
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    4. Hakan Caliskan & Ibrahim Yildiz & Kazutoshi Mori, 2022. "Production and Assessment of New Biofuels from Waste Cooking Oils as Sustainable Bioenergy Sources," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-11, December.
    5. Nie, Wen & Jiang, Chenwang & Sun, Ning & Guo, Lidian & Xue, Qianqian & Liu, Qiang & Liu, Chengyi & Cha, Xingpeng & Yi, Shixing, 2023. "Analysis of multi-factor ventilation parameters for reducing energy air pollution in coal mines," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(PA).
    6. Gourich, Wail & Chan, Eng-Seng & Ng, Wei Zhe & Obon, Aaron Anthony & Maran, Kireshwen & Ong, Yi Hui & Lee, Chin Loong & Tan, Jully & Song, Cher Pin, 2022. "Life cycle benefits of enzymatic biodiesel co-produced in palm oil mills from sludge palm oil as renewable fuel for rural electrification," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).

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