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A process for biodiesel production involving the heterotrophic fermentation of Chlorella protothecoides with glycerol as the carbon source

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  • Cerón-García, M.C.
  • Macías-Sánchez, M.D.
  • Sánchez-Mirón, A.
  • García-Camacho, F.
  • Molina-Grima, E.

Abstract

Oil-rich biomass has been produced from heterotrophic fed-batch and semi-continuous cultures of Chlorella protothecoides in conventional 2-L stirred-tank bioreactors (STBs). The process pH is controlled by injection of CO2 and pure glycerol is the main carbon source in the culture medium. Whereas a maximum biomass concentration of 64gL−1 was achieved in fed-batch mode, semi-continuous culture at a dilution rate of 0.2day−1 yielded the best average results, with biomass and saponifiable lipid (oil) productivities of 8.7 and 4.3gL−1day−1, respectively. Both operational modes resulted in a high saponifiable oil content (>35% of dry biomass), with the highest value (around 50% of dry biomass) being obtained in semi-continuous mode. The unsaponifiable lipid content was always less than 8% (of dry biomass). These results are superior to those reported in the literature for glycerol but practically identical to those achieved with glucose. The major fatty acids (FAs) in the saponifiable lipid fraction were oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), and palmitic (C16:0), which together accounted for around 89% of the total FA content. Oleic acid was the most abundant FA, accounting for >60% of total FAs. Biodiesel was obtained using a modified process based on transesterification of wet biomass paste, with a recovery of nearly 97%. The biodiesel obtained complies with the specifications defined in current standards (ASTM Biodiesel Standard D6751in US and Standard EN 14214 in EU).

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  • Cerón-García, M.C. & Macías-Sánchez, M.D. & Sánchez-Mirón, A. & García-Camacho, F. & Molina-Grima, E., 2013. "A process for biodiesel production involving the heterotrophic fermentation of Chlorella protothecoides with glycerol as the carbon source," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 341-349.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:103:y:2013:i:c:p:341-349
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.054
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    3. Abu-Ghosh, Said & Fixler, Dror & Dubinsky, Zvy & Iluz, David, 2015. "Energy-input analysis of the life-cycle of microalgal cultivation systems and best scenario for oil-rich biomass production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 154(C), pages 1082-1088.
    4. Fasahati, Peyman & Woo, Hee Chul & Liu, J. Jay, 2015. "Industrial-scale bioethanol production from brown algae: Effects of pretreatment processes on plant economics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 175-187.
    5. Enamala, Manoj Kumar & Enamala, Swapnika & Chavali, Murthy & Donepudi, Jagadish & Yadavalli, Rajasri & Kolapalli, Bhulakshmi & Aradhyula, Tirumala Vasu & Velpuri, Jeevitha & Kuppam, Chandrasekhar, 2018. "Production of biofuels from microalgae - A review on cultivation, harvesting, lipid extraction, and numerous applications of microalgae," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 49-68.
    6. Martín, Mariano & Grossmann, Ignacio E., 2014. "Design of an optimal process for enhanced production of bioethanol and biodiesel from algae oil via glycerol fermentation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 108-114.
    7. Jacob, Ashwin & Ashok, B. & Shanthakumar, S. & Jino, L. & Karthikeyan, A. & Kavvampally, Rahul & Raja, Ignatius, 2022. "Formulation of optimal bioenergy mixtures from phototrophic and heterotrophic cultures of S. quadricauda and C. pyrenoidosa microalgal strains," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 197(C), pages 695-708.
    8. Macías-Sánchez, M.D. & Robles-Medina, A. & Jiménez-Callejón, M.J. & Hita-Peña, E. & Estéban-Cerdán, L. & González-Moreno, P.A. & Navarro-López, E. & Molina-Grima, E., 2018. "Optimization of biodiesel production from wet microalgal biomass by direct transesterification using the surface response methodology," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(PA), pages 141-149.
    9. Wang, Songmei & Zhu, Johnny & Dai, Lingmei & Zhao, Xuebing & Liu, Dehua & Du, Wei, 2016. "A novel process on lipid extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(P1), pages 963-968.
    10. Patel, Anil Kumar & Singhania, Reeta Rani & Dong, Cheng-Di & Obulisami, Parthiba Karthikeyan & Sim, Sang Jun, 2021. "Mixotrophic biorefinery: A promising algal platform for sustainable biofuels and high value coproducts," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    11. Cabanelas, Iago Teles Dominguez & Arbib, Zouhayr & Chinalia, Fábio A. & Souza, Carolina Oliveira & Perales, José A. & Almeida, Paulo Fernando & Druzian, Janice Izabel & Nascimento, Iracema Andrade, 2013. "From waste to energy: Microalgae production in wastewater and glycerol," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 283-290.

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