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Environmental-based defensive promotes cooperation in the prisoner’s dilemma game

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  • Gao, Liyan
  • Pan, Qiuhui
  • He, Mingfeng

Abstract

In real life, individuals tend to be self-interested. The defectors exploit the cooperators for high payoffs, and the cooperators take defensive measures to reduce their own losses. Since the defensive behavior of cooperators is affected by environmental factors, this paper proposes an environmental-based defensive game model in the well-mixed population. Theoretical analysis shows that when cooperators do not have the defensive awareness, all the individuals choose defection. When cooperators have defensive awareness, the cooperators can survive in the fierce competition, so as to realize the stable coexistence of cooperation and defection. If all the cooperators have defensive awareness, the system can reach an evolutionary stable state of full cooperation. Through abundant numerical calculations, it is found that when the temptation is small and the defensive probability is large, the cooperation fraction is significantly affected by the threshold. Furthermore, the stronger the defensive awareness, the higher the cooperation fraction. As long as there are cooperators in the population who take defensive measures, a state of full defection can be avoided. Reducing the defensive cost and increasing the defensive benefit as well as the defensive loss are conducive to enhance cooperation level. In a word, defensive behavior promotes cooperation, which provides a new perspective for understanding the emergence of cooperation.

Suggested Citation

  • Gao, Liyan & Pan, Qiuhui & He, Mingfeng, 2021. "Environmental-based defensive promotes cooperation in the prisoner’s dilemma game," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 401(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:apmaco:v:401:y:2021:i:c:s0096300321001223
    DOI: 10.1016/j.amc.2021.126074
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    Cited by:

    1. Katarina Kostelić, 2023. "Implications of (un)awareness for decision-making in strategic interaction: another take on the Prisoner’s dilemma," DECISION: Official Journal of the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Springer;Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, vol. 50(2), pages 251-268, June.
    2. Bi, Yan & Yang, Hui, 2023. "Based on reputation consistent strategy times promotes cooperation in spatial prisoner’s dilemma game," Applied Mathematics and Computation, Elsevier, vol. 444(C).

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